Noir of Chinatown Essay

Film noir is generally associated with a ‘dark’ type of film in the era following WWII. Film’s that are categorized in this genre are marked by a style that generally contains certain distinguishing elements – dark rooms with Venetian blinds, dark alleys, rain-slicked streets, dark offices and low key lighting. The plot usually deals with the dark aspects of humanity-greed, murder, deceit and paranoia. There are also distinguishing characters, the main character a detective or an investigator usually portrayed as a loner; a beautiful sensual femme-fatale who will use and eventually destroy the main character seducing him into crime. Although classic film noir generally is in reference to a style of film from the 40’s and 50’s, film noir form and style can be found in some contemporary films. One of those being Roman Polanski’s Chinatown. Although Chinatown breaks certain rules of film noir – it was filmed in 1974 and is in COLOR (black and white film is a traditional element of Film Noir) it models itself with formal elements of Film Noir genre including the sexy femme-fatale (with a twist), a protagonist main character seeking truth, and the plot laced with deceit, murder and greed. The film uses many shadows and dark and light contrasts. The low key soft lighting keeps the scenes dark and gloomy and projects the air of suspense. The viewer is told the story through the central character, Gittes, a hard-nosed detective in 1930’s LA, after he takes a case investigating adultery gets caught up in the middle of murder, lies and conspiracy- entangled into the dark side of humanity. When he meets the ‘real’ Evelyn, who comes across as mysterious, sensual and troubled, Gittes falls further into this web of corruption and complication as well as falling for Evelyn. The films keep the rhythm and pace slow seducing the viewer deep into the story. As in classic film noir Chinatown has a confrontational ending but with Chinatown there are surprising twists. We find the femme fatale has been a victim and is again a victim as she is shot. Gittes revelation that he has been wrong about Evelyn’s deceit also loses ending up with nothing. He loses the girl, and the crimes go unpunished. As the movie referenced

Marketing Career Paper

A marketing manager had the duty of overseeing all marketing, advertising, and promotional activities, as well as staff. They are also the people who create marketing strategies and meet organizational objectives. A must for the job is being able to evaluate customer research, the conditions of the market, the competitor’s data and must be able to change and implement a marketing plan. A marketing manager, overall, is the leader of the business’s marketing organization.All the jobs performed by a marketing manager require knowledge of the field, people skills, and problem solving skills. It is not a job where one learns on the job, one must know the skills before you start. The average salary of a marketing manager is $107,610. One can work their way to making $138,470. The hours may vary for this job position. They work the average forty hours a week, plus some. With all their job requirements, they are expected to work extra to solve any problems or work on any projec t.One may also have to travel quite a bit. To become a project manager there are no set requirements and/or qualifications for the position. This are is becoming very popular and has made the market for this job very competitive. It would be wise to obtain a degree, such as a masters in business or a CIM (Chartered Institute of Marketing) certification. It would also be good to have â€Å"extensive experience in other marketing positions,† as well as having been a product manager.IT literacy is also a must. Although these can help one obtain the job, one does not have to have a certain amount of years or experience to become a product manager. The hours are varied and one must have a lot of commitment to do this job well. One must be willing to let go of certain activities. The pay, however, is very good. One must out way the positives and negatives of this job to decide if they are willing to put the hours in to succeed at this job.

Woody allen's films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Woody allen's films - Essay Example aracters’ problems too easily and therefore, his humor serves a detrimental purpose in draining away the potential value that his films could represent. This is opposed to the view of Nangy Pogel who affectionately refers to Allen as the â€Å"little man† and views his humor as a cartoonic representation of the Director. Girgus sees a more serious purpose behind Allen’s view and is of the view that it serves to deepen the intricacy of the narrative rather than detract from it. In his criticism of Allen’s films, Carney therefore differs from these other two authors in that he views the humor in Allen’s films as an element that detracts from the real value that his films could have. Carney is critical of Woody Allen’s use of humor in the context of the real problems that the characters in his films may face. He points to the example of Hannah’s drug problem in the film Hannah and her sisters. Holly has a serious problem of drug addiction, yet it is never presented as such in the film, although the problem is mentioned in almost every scene in which the character of Hannah appears. Her muddled state and her pleas for money while in a drug induced state are presented in an endearing rather than a frightening manner. She is openly shown taking drugs in only one scene, when she goes on a date with Mickey (played by Allen). Yet the scene that ensues after she takes drugs is full of gaffes and jokes and it ends up with Hannah being cured of her drug problem. This is another aspect that Carney is critical of – the manner in which serious problems are often revealed only at the end and then miraculously cured through the use of humor. In the film Annie Hall, when Annie is almost being induced to try drugs, the character of Alvy tries the drug and sneezes the powder all over the room, thereby dispelling the frightening moment when Annie could have slipped into that dangerous state in a puff of powder humor, and the problem ends right there and the time bomb is

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism Essay

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism - Essay Example Some of the subjective factors are age, education, economic status, gender, etc and the objective factors are cultural, social, economic, environmental ones. Indeed a volunteer tourist’s perception of a destination is supposed to be influenced by both subjective and objective factors. An in-depth knowledge of the factors that influence the tourist demography’s perception of destinations can help both the entrepreneurs and the academicians in this sector. Rationales for the Research In current tourism discourses, ‘volunteerism’ or ‘volunteer tourism’ is a nascent idea that is related to a wide range of socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns. During these days, the growing individual interest in the alluring yields of alternative tourism in response to the lacks of mass tourism has drawn increasing academic as well as commercial attention to the idea of volunteer tourism. On one hand, modern tourism industry increasingly shifts its at tention from the conventional mass tourism to the volunteer tourism utilizing the consumers’ interest in unique tourism experiences and on the other hand, the frontiers of tourism industry are constantly confronted with the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns while propounding an all embracive definition, of volunteer tourism, that necessarily will define its relationships with those concerns. Since the term â€Å"volunteer tourism† is more of the generalization of a tourism concept that serves as an alternative to the concept of a mass conventional tourism, it appears to be the premise for other particular tourism products such as ecotourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, etc that include volunteer components and authenticity of experiences more than conventional mass tourism can offer. Indeed though the tourism industry and its role as direct tourism service providers are quite adaptable with the concept of mass tourism, tourist industry and vol unteer tourism are conceptually contrastive with each other, since volunteer tourists want to â€Å"benefit from displaced self-understanding and the freedom to go beyond the limits that frontiers [of tourism industries] present† (Wearing, 2001:2). Therefore, whereas mass tourism allows the operators of tourism industries to exert control over the tourists’ activities to adhere to the socio-cultural and environmental protection protocols, to an extent that is greater than the volunteer tourism products allow the operators, since the freedom-zeal expected by the volunteer tourists is in direct contrast with such control. It seems that the tourism industry operators are thrown in endless struggle to make them more flexible and adaptable with these expectations meet the tourists’ expectations freedom to go beyond the limitation of conventional tourism industry, as Igor Ackerberg and Parkpoom Prapasawudi say, â€Å"Currently, the sector is moving toward higher comm ercialization with more profit-oriented companies offering volunteer tourism packages, making the study of volunteer tourists’ perception

Waiting for the Barbarians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Waiting for the Barbarians - Essay Example The book waiting for the Barbarians is one such book written by a linguistic and novelist Coetzee that highlighted some tentative strategies in the question of torture. In the book, he admits torture to be a threatening and a dark fascination on his life. While bringing out the vivid theme of torture in the dark African country, Coetzee faces many dilemmas, for instance, in the dark chamber where his moral judgment is challenged whether to find a middle way between ignoring the obscenities or being part of the obscenities. In as much as torture is necessary in many instances, the question, which the paper attempts to address, is whether torture was necessary while waiting for the Barbarians. The elite unit of colonel Joll and their treatment to the Barbarians is a case in point where torture gets exhibited. He is an administrative officer in charge of running the empire where he get rumors that the natives of the land (Barbarians) are coming back to fight for their land. He is not ha ppy with the idea; therefore, conducts an expedition in the land beyond the frontier. He organizes himself and arrives in one of his government outposts where he is determined to gather information from the local band of uncivilized Barbarians (Coetzee 34). The Barbarians represent an omniscient and present outside threat to the colonel who cannot sit back and wait for the attack. They are seeking to trample security of Colonel Joll and safety of the empire, a factor that does not make the colonel calm and instead uses every means possible to prevent the attack, which is likely to affect the strength of his empire. Instead of using peaceful means, he captures prisoners in a dubious way, which makes him wonder whether there was an army to attack his kingdom. This is because he finds the natives to of similarity to nomadic heathens rather than the barbarian army he suspected. However, he does not stop at this point questioning his intelligence by committing a series of torture on the natives to â€Å"confess† the details and whereabouts of the Barbarians. Although the magistrate is not happy with the way, he handles things he does not intervene or make an attempt of stopping since he understands the barbarian manner. In as much as their confessions and the nature of torture were too much, the truth behind the confessions was only because of torture. This leaves many questions whether the torture was necessary as one prisoner it killed one a prisoner and left another partially black haired woman partially blind (Coetzee 44). The torture of the barbarian girl is another instance where questions arise on the need for torture. She is one of the captives of colonel Joll who gets subjected to punishment with the aim of getting information. The torture vicariously eliminates the validation behind torture as the little girl is left partially blind. Coetzee, for instance, laments, â€Å"the true challenge is how to play the game by the rules of the state, how to establish own authority, how to imagine torture and death on one own terms.† (Coetzee 13) This is a moral question, which makes Coetzee wondering the reasons behind the colonel’s action, where he kills one of the captives, based on his own terms. The magistrate sympathizes with the little girl taking her to his house where he offers her a job as a cook. At a tender age, she receives sexual assault at the magistrate’

Top 5 internet marketing strategies and how online businesses can use Research Paper

Top 5 internet marketing strategies and how online businesses can use them - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that since the advent of internet and advancement in the way internet can be used, the number of internet users has been increasing day by day. According to World Fact Book, the total number of internet users as of 31st December, 2011 were 2,267,233,742. The stats even show that during the year 2000, the total number of internet users were only 360,985,492. This shows that the total number of users within a period of eleven years increased by 528.1%. According to Facebook statistics, the total number of Facebook users as of 31st March, 2012 were 835,525,280. These statistics show that internet is a place where businesses can get into contact with millions of users daily and internet itself can be used by businesses to grow larger than ever. When internet and online business was not in operations, businesses had a limited number of clients and their potential clients were mostly people living in their own locality. Even if businesses had to cross borders and gain more customers, they had experience heavy expenditure. This expenditure could only be conducted by very large businesses; today internet has even made small businesses able enough to tap a very huge market and to gain customers throughout the world. Several businesses that have a physical existence have even started spreading their business through internet sources, the art and science of conducting marketing activities through the use of internet is called e-commerce.

New venture creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New venture creation - Essay Example Richard Cantilon defined Entrepreneur as a person who tends to buy services at a certain prescribed prices with a view to sell it at an uncertain price. Therefore according to Cantilon an entrepreneur is a bearer to risk and which is not insurable. Another renowned French economist has defined Entrepreneur as an agent who basically unites all the necessary factors of production and who finds value of the products which re-establishes the capital that the entrepreneur employs along with the interest, wages, rent which is paid by the entrepreneur and the profit earned belongs to the entrepreneur. He may not supply capital but should have the knowledge, judgement and perseverance towards the business and possess the art of administration and superintendence (Mohanty, 2005, p.1-2). Each of the definition views an entrepreneur from a different angle and perspective but contains similar notion such as risk taking, creating, organising, wealth and innovation. Therefore Entrepreneurship is d efined as a process which aims to create something new with value and is created by devoting the accurate time as well as effort accompanying with financial, social risk and at the end receiving the desired result or reward of monetary and also of personal satisfaction as well as independence (Hisrich, 2003, p.8). In the process of making entrepreneurship there is a body of research who has been trying to identify the factors of what makes an entrepreneur actually an entrepreneur and most importantly what makes him successful. Is the in born quality of a person or whether the qualities can be natured? It has been founded that entrepreneur are particularly attuned to the universal and also the human trait which is the desire for freedom (TiE Organisation, 2003, p.17). Some of the characteristic and traits of an Entrepreneur includes factors such as risk taker where an entrepreneur usually bears all the uncertainty and defines and

World Health Organization and Health Information Systems Research Paper

World Health Organization and Health Information Systems - Research Paper Example Scientific advancement has shown a sharp decrease of mortality rate and early detection and vaccination of infectious diseases such as: Small-pox, Polio, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Whooping Cough and more recently Hepatitis-B, Swine-Flu and Cervical cancer. W.H.O. fulfils its objectives through its core allocated functions: i) whenever a sole decision is to be taken among two, W.H.O. take the leadership role. ii) it shapes the research agenda and ensures the generation, translation and distribution of valuable knowledge; iii) it sets patterns and standards and promotes and monitors their implementation; iv) coherences ethical and evidence-based policy options; v) provides technical support, boosts change and builds sustainable institutional capacity; and vi) assess health trends and monitors the health situation (Lee,2009, p.xiii). With the implementation of Information System, every field of the society including the World Health Organization are facing improvement at a very fast pac e. Information System is at the core of the health care profession. It has a massive progression in Health Care division in its different fields like electronic patient registries, management system, process and programmable evaluation and also in decision support system for clinics and diagnostic centers. It cuts down the cost and by manpower reduction and sophisticated technologies and proper implementation. Both the organization and the system have to be transformed in the right manner in order to effectively implement the process. Information System management is a careful act balanced between the organization and the system (Berg, 2001). This research explores the different information technologies like Health Information System, Decision Support System, Electronic Data Interchange, Internet, Tele-medical and Medical Images that are used in World Health Organization in the developed countries and analyses its advantages, problems and the impacts of those problems that can affec t the Health Organization (Scielosp, 2004). Issues to be investigated World Health management department are very actively and effectively improving the various sectors to protect the population health. Few countries in different parts of the world today are using comprehensive systems to maintain this database. The organization has to take decisions on critical situations like measuring whether the policies and programs are working efficiently or not for different diseases like H.I.V. and A.I.D.S., malaria and tuberculosis as well as maintaining funds and workforce management. According to the World Health Organization, there are multiple benefits of using Information Management System (Carlson, 2007, p.1). WHO Health Focus The main aim of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to pursue activities that would help in generating better health standards for individuals across the world. Different schools of thought have different opinions with regards to the manner of achievement of the goals underlined by the organization. The aspect of defining a guiding principle to the organization with regards to the achievement of its objectives call for the need to ensure designs based on a large number or multiple frameworks. Certain aspect under this

Translation theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Translation theories - Essay Example zes, and utilizes translation principles to arrive at three main translation categories that are translation theories founded on source-oriented perspectives, linguistic translation theories, and recent translations. While source-oriented translation approaches developed from the 2nd century B.C to the 20th century A.D., the linguistic translation theories began during the second decade of the 20th century and lasted for 50 years. However, the last three decades of the 20th century led to the birth of the descriptive branch of translation that was subdivided into process-oriented, function-oriented, and product-oriented translations. The recent translation includes the target-oriented approach to translation that includes Toury’s norms in translation (Venuti, 2000, p. 198). Different translation theories are used in different translation purposes. This paper evaluates the differences between Gideon Toury’s Norms in translation theory and Lawrence Venuti’s translator’s invisibility theory. The comparison begins by placing the norms in translation theory in wider context, offers a description of the translator’s invisibility theory, compares the two theories, and finally, performs an assessment and evaluation of the implication of the two theories for practical translation. At the start of the present translation period was the descriptive translation branch in Israel since 1970s. During this period, Israeli researchers affiliated with descriptive research used the polysystem theory by Even-Zohar in 1990, and the aspect of norms established by Gideon Toury in 1995 (Benjamins, 2008, p. 64). Since Israeli is a multilingual and multicultural state, translation of other languages into Hebrew was committed to a target-oriented approach. The polysystem theory of literature and culture involves all cultural, literary, linguistic, and social aspect, but did not account for single-text translations. Instead, polysystem viewed single-texts as a system operating

Mergers and Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Essay Example The potential merger was based upon the assumption that this merger will actually result into an over $1 billion in terms of cost savings as well as revenue increase for the American Airways.1 The formal process of merger and acquisition started during the start of 2013 and it was believed that this merger actually resulted into the creation of the largest airline in the world. The overall deal was finalized in December 2013 and American Airways formally acquired the firm This paper will discuss and explore the reasons behind this merger, the circumstances which actually led to the merger, the positive as well as negative impacts of the merger besides discussing whether the HR practices of the firm were modified to ensure that the overall outcomes of the merger and acquisition were achieved. 9/11 was one of the key events in the history of American airline industry as for the first time, airplanes were used weapons. Strong security concerns resulted into sharp decline in the passenger traffic and loss of revenue. (Rhoades & Waguespack Jr, 2004). Apart from this, the economic events which occurred after 2007 also resulted into an strong decline the profitability as well as the revenue of the major airlines in the industry. Owing to these factors, American Airline filed chapter 11 bankruptcy ad sought protection against the same. As a result of the Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection, it was considered that the American Airlines may suitably merge with other airline in order to come out of the bankruptcy and pay back to its creditors. As such one of the reasons for entering into this merger and acquisition was to avoid the complete bankruptcy and find suitable buyer who can ensure that the creditors are paid back. As per the agreement, 72% of the shares of the American airli ne were acquired by US Airways and the remaining 28% were held by the existing shareholders of the firm. Another important reason for the merger was the cost

Ionising radiation in medical imaging Essay Example for Free

Ionising radiation in medical imaging Essay Contemporary medical practice is heavily reliant on mediconuclear and radiological procedures and investigations. To derive important diagnostic information, medical personnel must carry out investigations which may expose patients and the medical personnel to certain levels of risk. With the continued advancement of medicine and diagnostic examinations, many procedures which utilize relatively high loads of radiation to produce images are becoming more and more popular. To protect patients and radiologists from the harmful effects of radiation exposure, protection practices and standards are grounded on the understanding that any level of radiation may cause detrimental health effects, including genetic damage and cancer development. However, while protection standards have been crucial in reducing the level of exposure to harmful radiation, these estimates are just approximations. Some authors have argued that these approximations are indeed underestimates and that better estimates of risk should be calculated based on the age and sex of an individual. These concerns imply that doctors and radiologists must uphold the highest standards for radiation protection, including limiting the number of times a patient subjected to radiologic examination. The use of ionsing radiation in medical imaging began with x-rays discovery in 1895. Basically, ionising radiation consists of the component of electromagnetic spectrum which has sufficient energy to penetrate through matter and dislodge orbital electrons which are then converted into ions and captured in an electromagnetic film. Different types of electromagnetic radiations (gamma rays and x-rays) are utilised in different forms of medical imaging. Different forms of radiation also have different biologic effects. Imaging modalities such as single photon computed tomography (SPECT), cardiovascular computed tomography (CVCT), positron emission tomography (PET), and x-ray fluoroscopy have become indispensable diagnostic tools in almost every medical establishment. Even though these modalities are necessary for an accurate and timely diagnosis, the emission of both particulate and photon radiation means that the risks and benefits of these diagnostic techniques need to be evaluated. While it is easy to measure some radiation dosimetry parameters, others can only be estimated by using complex simulations and assumptions models. Generally, radiation dosimetry is presented in terms of physical measurements. Based on literature research, this paper discusses the risks associated with ionising radiation in medical imaging and the measures taken by both the patients and the medical staff to limit the level of radiation dosage. Risks Associated with Ionising Radiation in Medical Imaging Exposure to ionising radiation in the medical/hospital environment can either exhibit as deterministic or stochastic impacts. Deterministic effects are those effects whose severity is determined by the radiation dose. These effects occur when the radiation exposure goes beyond the dose threshold. The most common example of deterministic effects is skin burns. When the skin is exposed for a long time to radiation, particularly in the course of prolonged fluoroscopic procedures, skin burns may occur. Patients undergoing electrophysiologic ablation examinations which may take more than one hour are more at risk of suffering skin burns as a result of repeated exposure to relatively high levels of radiation doses. 3 Other deterministic effects include cataract formation, skin erythema, and epilation. Stochastic effects are those effects whose probabilities of occurrence are dependent on the dosage. For instance, effects such as radiation induced carcinogenesis always occur after a person has been exposed to variable doses of radiation for a long time. Generally, stochastic effects do not have a threshold dose; rather, long term exposure to ionising radiation may cause varying degrees of cell proliferation, division, and differentiation. Thus, it is extremely difficult to establish the exact level of exposure that can be incriminated in the development of cancer or any other associated effect. However, it has been demonstrated that higher doses of ionising radiation may cause chromosomal changes and subsequent malignancies. On the contrary, it should be noted that not all chromosomal alterations cause phenotypic illnesses. Exposure to high doses of radiation may induce malignancy in children, especially the development of leukemia. There are two different theoretical perspectives for discussing the link between medical imaging and cancer development at relatively low exposure levels. According to the linear no-threshold theory, the effects of radiation are not limited to a certain threshold of exposure. In essence, all radiation em itted have the capacity of causing malignancies and the risk increase linearly with dosage. On the other hand, the linear-quadratic theory states that low doses have an insignificant risk on developing malignancies and that the risk can only increase quantitatively with exposures to high radiation doses. In many international and national legislations concerning radiation and reducing exposure to radioactive emissions, the more conservative linear no-threshold hypothesis have been adopted as opposed to the linear quadratic hypothesis. This consensus ensures that no amount of radiation exposure is taken as being negligible and insignificant when it comes to malignancies and other associated effects. The Chernobyl disaster and the Hiroshima tragedy are two examples of the effects of high dose radiations that have been widely studied. Studies of the survivors have confirmed the hypothesis that in-utero X ray exposure increases the risk of cancer development. Again, it should be understood that radioactive emissions from nuclear accidents or explosions cannot be compared with the doses of ionising radiation that patients and staff are exposed to during medical imaging. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that low dose radiations can lead to the development of leukemia and solid tumours. Due to this link, workers in the nuclear industry and health care are often monitored and the level of exposure restricted to not more than 20 mSv per years (100 mSv in five years). The current growth in the use of computed tomography imaging has created renewed interest into the possible risks associated with CT scans. Some studies have established that computed tomography imaging, esp ecially cardiac CT imaging. According to Moloo (2009), cardiac CT imaging exposes patients to a lifetime risk of developing cancers. A radiation dosage of 2. 3 milliSieverts may result in a lifetime cancer risk of 20 cases per 100,000 women and 8 cases per 100,000 men. The risk to developing lung cancers is higher than that of developing other cancers. Using insurance claims documentation of 1 million clients, other researchers have also been able to establish that more than more than 70% of medical claims were associated with medical imaging procedures. Notably, CT scans of the abdomen and the pelvis, CT scans of the chest, and myocardial perfusion imaging accounted for the greatest proportion of exposure to cumulative radiation doses. It is also important to note that, even though not widely reported, a single radiation dose of an abdominal or pelvic computed tomography imaging far exceeds the recommended annual background radiation dose. For instance, cardiac CT imaging typically exposes the patient to a radiation dosage of 3-15 mSv, for mammograms the patient is exposed to 0. mSv, while pelvic/abdominal CT imaging exposes the patient to 10mSv. These dosages far exceed the annual background dosages and increase the likelihood of developing cancers. Castranovo (2008) asserts that even though the use of multidetector CT angiography has been extremely important in generating images in a very short time, it should be noted that the population exposure to radiation has risen from a mere 0. 54 mSv to more than 3. 2 mSv. 16-slice compute r tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) increases the probability of cancer developing in different patient organs. These risks call for an evaluation of radiation dosages, particularly in CTCA so as to ensure that the benefits far outweigh the risks associated with the procedure. In a study carried out in the United Kingdom, it was estimated that the course of catheter based coronary angiography exposes patients to fluoroscopic radiation and increases the risk of cancer in 280 per one million patients examined. Exposures to fluoroscopic radiation during electrophysiologic ablation have been estimated to increase the number of fatal malignancies in both men and women. 3 For pregnant mothers, exposure to radiation may cause teratogenesis. High dose variations may cause fetal malformations, central nervous system alterations, particularly mental retardation and microcephaly. Therefore, even though sick mothers may require medical imaging to aid in diagnosis, radiations have a potential adverse effect on the foetus and physicians should critically assess the need merits and demerits of using medical imaging as a diagnostic procedure, especially when there are safer alternatives. Finally, ionising radiations increases the risk of radiation-induced gene mutations. Germline mutations have the potential of altering future generations. Such radiations increase the frequency of genetic mutations in the population hence potentially altering future germ lines. In other cases, genetic mutations may lead to the development of either physical or physiological deformities, or cause genetic diseases. 12 It widely known that the main consequence of adverse exposure to ionising radiation is hereditary effects. Radioactive damage of gametes may lead to a wide range of mild or serious consequences, including mental defects and death (Edward). Precautions Required to Protect Against Ionising Radiation Medical professionals have an ethical and professional obligation to protect patients under diagnostic procedures that may expose them to adverse levels of radiation. The primary precautionary measure is training. According to the Ionising Radiations (Medical Exposure) Regulations (IR(ME)R) of 2000 in the United Kingdom, radiologists are required to undergo specialist training on the physics of ionising radiations and the measures which should be taken to protect against radiation exposure. The legislation also has provisions for patients to report to the IR (ME) R Inspectorate about incidents of radiation overexposure. Since medical radiation accounts for 14 percent of UK’s average annual dose, these legislations are an important regulatory tool protecting both staff and patients from unwarranted exposure to radiation originating from medical imaging procedures. It is also important to reiterate that these laws, as well as the provisions included in the International Commission on Radiological Protection are grounded on the linear threshold theory. Radiologists have an obligation to expose the patient and the staff to minimal amounts of radiation necessary for the successful completion of the procedure. Where appropriate, the dose of radiation used in cardiovascular computed tomography may be reduced by adjusting the scan parameters to suit every individual patient. Software based modifications can also be installed to reduce the level of exposure to radiation by changing computer tomography scanning protocols. For instance, the x-ray tube radiation output can be reduced by ECG-controlled tube current modulations. In interventional radiology, the decision to use radiation diagnostic techniques should be justified as per the requirements of the regulatory authority. Patients should never be exposed to radiation unless the practitioner has offered a prescription which complies with relevant national guidelines. In making that prescription, the medical practitioner should be guided by the efficiency of the diagnostic intervention, the benefits and risks associated with the technology, and the availability of other alternative technologies that are less harmful. With respect to equipment specifications, all authorized diagnostic radiology equipment must meet the compliance requirements set out by national and international regulatory standards. Such specifications must take into account the possibility of human errors, equipment failures, or any other occurrence that may predispose medical practitioners and patients to unhealthy radiation exposure. Radiological procedures such as mammography, dental radiology, and interventional radiology should only be performed by specifically trained personnel using specifically designed imaging systems. Where appropriate, radiology units should have automatic exposure control systems and automatic brightness controls. These measures optimize patient doses. Operationally, regulatory agencies in the UK are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the registrants and licensees comply with all the minimum necessary standards. This is achieved by specifying applicable operational parameters such as the types of equipment that can be used, safer procedures for examining the chest, thorax, abdomen, and lumbar spine regions as well as the skull and pelvis. Other measures may include changing radiation generator parameters such as the tube voltage range and tube loading, changing the focal spot, film processing conditions, and film-screen combination. 15 Conclusion The fact that recent advances in radiological and mediconuclear imaging procedures have become indispensable diagnostic tools is indisputable. Accurate and timely examination of clients through radiologic procedures saves lives and paves the way for scientific based treatment and management of diseases. The popularity of these techniques continues to soar to their speed and relative ease of use. Recent research has established that the current levels of radiation exposure for diagnostic purposes far supersede what had previously been thought. This realization has created a new wave of debates and studies into the benefits and risks associated with ionising radiation and whether imaging is crucial for accurate diagnosis. 4 Even though an accurate measurement of the incremental risk of ionising radiation in medical imaging is yet to be determined, the uncertainty of the relationship between doses and tissue specific responses should is enough to encourage only the use of low doses. The link between ionising radiation and cancer implies that both physicians and patients need to acknowledge the potential harm that CT imaging causes and strictly implement radiation protection measures. Every individual should be exposed to radiation dosage based on their phenotypic and physiologic characteristics. Recognizing the gravity of other associated risks such as teratogenesis and radiation induced gene mutations implies that additional care should be taken when using diagnostic imaging. Clinical decision making as regards the utilization of low levels of ionising radiation should be supported by a broad range of modalities which justify the risk-benefit ratio.

The Concept of Satisfaction in Higher Education

The Concept of Satisfaction in Higher Education Introduction and frame of the study This literature review aims at investigating the importance of satisfaction of the students in higher education form a marketing point of view. As such, we understand the meaning of words, expression, and concepts we only have a limited relation to Operational field of study (that would understand HEIs as a Business entity). The study will be constructed as follow, we shall first understand the definition of satisfaction within the boundaries of the subject earlier mentioned before investing its particular meaning for students and its place and importance in Service Quality. We would like to warn the reader that we have a limitation in term of references. To overcome this later one, we chose to focus on fairly recent articles. Our aim is certainly not to diminish the utter significance of early literature but they will be often quoted here as part of our chosen references. While sourcing for articles, we noticed that service quality is an avant-gardiste and ever growing field of study that branchs out worldwile to every industries, Education makes no exeption. The assumption we made from the coursework statement is that we certainely will be assessed on both the core chosen subject and our technical skills for conducting a literature review. Therefore, we shall try our best and limit our volume of reference without compromising the integrity of the subject. The concept of Satisfaction The concept of satisfaction plays a key role in any marketing strategy (Churchill and Suprenant, 1982), and it is even considered the king of marketing research (Oliver, 1999). Creating a sustainable advantage in todays competitive market depends, to a large extent, on the ability to deliver high-quality service that translates into satisfied customers (Shemwell, Yavas and Bilgin, 1998). Customer satisfaction is a central concept in marketing research (Luo and Homburg, 2007). In fact, Machleit and Mantel (2000) consider satisfaction as the core of all marketing activities. In the beginning, research in the area of customer satisfaction focused only on end consumers. It was therefore commonly referred to as consumer satisfaction (Bearden and Teel 1983, Cadotte et al., 1987, Anderson, 1993). Customer satisfaction is the result of experiencing a service and comparing that experience with the expected service quality (Oliver, 1980), in relation to both intangible and tangible goods; it can be defined on two different levels: as a simple transaction, or as the overall accumulation of the relationship (Jones and Suh, 2000). While there is some academic agreement that the process of contradiction is a precedent of satisfaction, empirical support for this relationship has not been complete (Yi, 1990). There is a wide discussion as to whether it is expectations that directly affect satisfaction, or whether its main antecedent is perceived quality (Churchill and Surprenant, 1982, Bahia et al., 2000). Hereby, the evaluation of client satisfaction (Bahia et al., 2000) can provide a more realistic and dynamic representation of the clients satisfaction (Bahia et al., 2000). Various definitions of satisfaction have been established within the scope of service marketing. Oliver (1980) defines this as a finite-duration experience that relates directly to the experience of a product or service, serving to maintain or improve the previous attitude that the client had about the product or service in question. Kotler (1999, 2000) considers it as the mood of a person that results from comparing the perceived performance of a product or service with their initial expectations, having a close relationship with the perceived value. This global customer satisfaction is an important indicator of the perceived past, present and future results of a company or any other entity offering products or services (Anderson, Fornell and Lehmann, 1994). Mano and Oliver (1993) define satisfaction as a hedonistic evaluative attitude or judgment centered on the product, and that it could be evaluated after consumption. Fornell (1992) defines satisfaction as a general assessment, based on the evaluation of the perceived product after the purchase, which has to be compared with the expectations before the purchase. On the other hand, Halstead et al. (1994) consider that satisfaction is an affective response, in the centre of which is the comparison of the result of the product before the purchase, and during or after its consumption. Rust and Oliver (1994) suggest that the level of satisfaction reflects the degree to which a consumer believes that the possession or use of a service generates positive feelings. As noted by Chang et al. (2009), when satisfaction is considered as an emotional response, it is defined as satisfaction of transaction, whereas when the service depends on many factors, in which repeated transactions occur, satisfaction is given as a cumulative result, or overall satisfaction (Shankar et al., 2003). To a great extent, this view of repeated transactions corresponds to the service provided by universities, since it depends on many factors over a long period of time. In addition, students do not have the opportunity to easily switch providers, causing opportune dissatisfaction. Various researchers have defined satisfaction as a positive orthe net value of services received from a provider (Schmidt and Allscheid, 1995; Woodruff, 1997; Douglas et al., 2004). The table below shows a selection of definitions about this concept. Therefore, the concept of customer satisfaction has been extensively debated in the literature, and numerous definitions have been proposed without a consensus being reached. After having thoroughly examined the main definitions that have been proposed, Giese and Cote (2000) identify three basic distinctive components that make up satisfaction: 1. The type of response, (i.e. whether it is a cognitive, affective or conative), as well as the intensity of the response. 2. The focus or object of this response, which may be based on an evaluation of the rules related to the product, the experiences of consumption of the product, or the attributes related to the purchase, such as, for example, the sales staff. 3. The time or moment at which the evaluation is performed, which can be expressed before or after making the choice, after consumption, after accumulated experiences, or at any other time. In this study, for example, the evaluation is performed after the consumption of the service and gathers experiences accumulated from the perspective of the graduate. Achieving consumer or customer satisfaction is one of the main goals for greater competitiveness (Seymour, 1993). Knowing the satisfaction of different audiences gives rise to different benefits (Anderson, 1993): For clients this means that organizations understand the variables that improve the satisfaction of the public, which leads to improvements in products and services and improvements in life standards; For companies this means improvement of the customer portfolio (forecast for the future), improvements in the distribution of resources, competitive information; For countries this means an increase in competitiveness within national strategies, improvements in state economies, aid for decision making in the businesses (national and foreign), and a better understanding of the differences between countries. Understanding of satisfaction with the organizations gives rise to synergies that, generally, tend to favor the competitiveness of a country. Satisfaction for university students A university, as a public institution, should try to create a positive image for its different audiences. It must know each one of them deeply to satisfy them adequately and to know what all those variables that influence a positive assessment of the university are. In the case of students, it is important to analyze all those variables that influence both: their university experience, as well as their pre- and post-experiences. Therefore, universities progressively create, maintain and consolidate relationships with their different audiences, especially with their students (Hasan, Ilias, Rahman and Razak, 2008). It is only with the satisfied students that the success and permanence of the students, and, above all, the formation of a positive word of mouth can be achieved in the institution (Alves and Raposo, 2004). In the context of higher education, Elliot and Healy (2001) affirm that student satisfaction is a short-term attitude derived from the evaluation of their educational experience. On the other hand, Elliott and Shin (2002) define student satisfaction as the subjective evaluation of the different students outcomes (employment, social, etc.) as well as of their experiences of education and life on campus and their initial expectations. The reasons that motivated students to decide on their career and on the university play a fundamental role in such expectations (Elliot and Shin, 2002). A university students satisfaction is a multidimensional concept that depends on students own implication and goals, as well as on the quality and service provided by the university (Hartman and Schmidt, 1995). As a rule, student satisfaction was assessed throughout the literature with the help of questionnaires that evaluate the quality of teaching and the content of subjects or specific services, such as libraries. But a lesser degree of questionnaires are sent to students after finishing the university stage, so that they can evaluate the institution. In addition, it is important to analyse the psychological and pre-university aspects that influence the academic evolution of the student. Students participating in the learning process are the main stakeholders of the university, and therefore, the focus on student satisfaction goes hand in hand with the development of a culture of continuous improvement of the university (Harvey, 1995). Biggs (2003) reviews the studies that have addressed university satisfaction, concluding that achieving high student satisfaction allows for different benefits to be obtained in the learning process: Teachers show higher productivity and enthusiasm when the appreciation of their services is evaluated; In the case of higher education, an institution is more willing to adopt changes; for example, to assume new teaching / learning styles; It is assumed that students performs their university studies and have fun at the same time; Students perception and experience are evaluated so that the university is aware of the aspects to be improved based on the students opinion. There have been numerous researches, who focused on the concept of university satisfaction, via studying which components or determinants make up such satisfaction (Aitken, 1982; Bean Bradley, 1986; Pike, 1991; Hartman Schmidt, 1995; Webb Jagun, 1997; Browne et al., 1998; Aldridge Rowley, 1998; Browne et al., 1999; Elliot Healy, 2001; Wiers-Jenssen, Stensaker Grogaard, 2002; Elliot Shin, 2002; DeShields, Kara Kaynak, 2005; Marzo et al., 2005; Arambewela Hall, 2006; Alves Raposo, 2007; Nasser, Khoury Abouchedid, 2008; Husain et al., 2009; Alves Raposo, 2010; Pike Larkin, 2010; Duque Weeks, 2010; Kheiry et al., 2012; Duarte, Alves Raposo, 2012; Moosmayer Siems, 2012; Blà ¡zquez et al., 2013). Table 3.11 lists papers whose main objective is to analyze the components and processes of satisfaction in the context of higher education. The performed work has measured the satisfaction of current students, that is, during their university experience. Among these studies, Aitken (1982) established that satisfaction depended on academic factors and accommodation services, whereas financial and personal factors, and involvement determined student retention. Later, Bean and Bradley (1986) concluded that the academic results do not affect the perception of the quality of aspects such as the service received or the physical aspects and satisfaction. More recently, Elliot and Healy (2001) concluded that attributes related to the environment, learning and student welfare are the main sources of satisfaction. Wiers-Jenssen et al. (2002) determined that university environment, as well as infrastructures and quality of service (as a specific dimension) are the main factors. While Husain et al. (2009) evidenced empirically that the sources of greatest satisfaction are the physical environment, interaction and received support, feedback, evaluation, and management. Finally, within the factors considered, Blà ¡zquez et al. (2013) concluded that sports activities and international programs are the social aspects that have the greatest impact on student satisfaction. In their study they included aspects related to facilities and resources (libraries, leisure resources, etc.), academic factors (teaching, workload, etc.) and social aspects (sports, housing, environment, etc.). Thereby, most of the authors have examined the satisfaction from the perspective of the current students, that is to say, that they were at the moment of carrying out their studies. Therefore, they have not been based on the recommendations of Westbrook and Oliver (1991) and Mano and Oliver (1993) who affirm that satisfaction is a state that must be evaluated after product consumption or service experience. However, Hartman and Schmidt (1995) took the perspective of the graduate (hence, after consumption) concluding that satisfaction depends largely on whether academic and work expectations have been met in addition to a favorable assessment of the services received during the experience. In this regard, the work of Duarte et al. (2012) compared the satisfaction of 150 students at two stages: halfway through their university career and after completing their studies. The results indicated that satisfaction is maintained at similar levels both when studying and at the end of the course; in fact, certain aspects, such as quality, were valued more once the graduates had had work experience. This contrasts with the results of Pike and Larkin (2010), and although they did not measure satisfaction by means of the graduate, they compared the evaluation of postgraduate students satisfaction at the beginning, middle and end of their course, revealing that satisfaction was greater during the initial stage of their studies, followed by higher levels of dissatisfaction later because their expectations have not been met. Nasser et al. (2008) reached the same conclusion, where he determined that the newcomers in the institution are those that present a higher degree of satisfaction . Apart from these studies, it is also worth mentioning the studies of graduates in Spain where they measure the satisfaction of the graduates with respect to the training and the service received that were analyzed in chapter 1 (for example, the UGR). With respect to other researchers, only Webb and Jagun (1997) took into account the employees of the university, and Browne et al. (1999) analyzed parental satisfaction compared to that of their own children, concluding that there is practically no difference in satisfaction among them, although it is slightly higher among the parents. Another aspect resulting from the observation of the table is that satisfaction has been a subject of research in many different countries, but the research done in the United States has been put in the forefront (Aitken, 1982; Bean and Bradley, 1986; Pike, 1991; Schmidt 1995, Browne et al., 1998, Browne et al., 1999, Elliot and Healy, 2001, Elliot and Shin, 2002, DeShields, Kara and Kaynak, 2005); there the majority of studies have focused on understanding the satisfaction attributes and development of a methodology or definition of a special measure for the university sector. Taking into account the Spanish context, Marzo et al. (2005) analyzed the influence of teaching components as factors of satisfaction. More recently, Blà ¡zquez et al. (2013) considered a greater number of aspects of university quality such as offered services or visual elements. It is noteworthy that in the study carried out by Duque and Weeks (2010) among both Spanish and American students, it was concluded that the implication is relevant in mediating the positive or negative assessment of the university service. Mention that studies have emphasized the importance of the relationship between quality and satisfaction (as was already possible in the section on quality) and will be analyzed later. Academic achievement has also been the subject of study as the basis for satisfaction with intellectual expectations (Bean and Bradley, 1986; Pike, 1991). Finally, taking into account the methodologies used to measure satisfaction, statistical techniques of regression analysis and structural equations stand out. Qualitative methods have been used to a lesser extent in relation to other variables such as image or quality, with certain exceptions (Webb and Jagun, 1997; Aldridge and Rowley, 1998).

Types of Gene Mutations

Types of Gene Mutations Gene A gene is a special strand of DNA that contains information about everything in our body. The genes make proteins to construct things in our body. Humans have about 25,000 genes. Homeotic Genes Description: A homeotic gene is any collection of genes that manage the development of early embryonic stage of organisms, these genes produce proteins that tell cells to create different parts of the body Mutation: If a mutation occurs in the homeotic gene an organism will not develop properly and may have displaced body parts, for example, a fly may grow a leg on its head instead of an antenna Leptin Receptor Description: The leptin receptor protein is produced by the LEPR gene, it manages energy balance and body weight. The leptin receptor protein is found on the exterior of cells in many organs and tissues of the body. The leptin receptor is activated by a hormone called leptin that connects to the receptor. Usually, the bodys fat cells release leptin in accordance to their size. As fat cells enlarge, they produce more leptin. This increase in leptin indicates that fat stores are increasing. The binding of leptin to its receptor send a series of chemical signals to the hypothalamus and give a sense of fullness. Mutation: If a mutation in the leptin receptor occurs it may lead to excessive hunger, obesity, and reduced production of sexual development hormones Retinoblastoma Description: The RB1 gene provides instructions for creating a protein called pRB. This protein regulates cell growth and keeps cells from irregular division. Under certain conditions, pRB stops other proteins from DNA replication. Since DNA replication must happen before a cell can divide, regulation of this process helps prevent tumor growth. pRB also interacts with other proteins to control cell survival, cell self-destruction, and the process by which cells grow to carry out special tasks. Mutation: If a mutation occurs in the RB1 gene a person may develop bladder cancer, retinoblastoma (an eye cancer that develops in the retina), lung cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer), and melanoma (a type of skin cancer). Insulin Description: The INS gene provides commands for the production of the hormone insulin, insulin regulates glucose levels in the blood. Insulin is produced by the pancreas. Glucose is the primary source of energy for most cells in the body. Insulin is produced in a precursor form called proinsulin, which contains a single sequence of amino acids. The proinsulin sequence is cut to make individual pieces called the A and B chains, which are connected together by connections called disulfide bonds to form insulin. Mutation: Mutations in the INS gene have been linked to permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. Babies with this disorder have a low birth weight and develop increased blood sugar levels within the first 6 months of life. An INS gene mutation can also cause type 1 diabetes and other disorders that involve insulin production and blood sugar control. Red Hair Colour Description: The MC1R gene provides instructions for making a protein called the melanocortin 1 receptor. The receptor is found on the surface of melanocytes (specialized cells that create melanin). Melanin provides colour to skin, hair,eyes and the retina. Melanocytes produce two different types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin. The amounts of these two pigments help decide the color of a persons hair and skin. The more eumelanin a person has the darker their hair and skin is. People with more eumelanin have increased protection from damage caused by UV radiation. People with more pheomelanin usually have red or blond hair, freckles, and lighter skin that is prone to skin damage caused by UV radiation. Mutation: If a mutation occurs in this gene people develop oculocutaneous albinism type 2.   People who have this mutation have light-colored hair and eyes, pale white skin, and vision conditions. A mutation in this gene can also increase the risk of developing skin cancer. Boy in the Bubble Disease Description: The Boy in the Bubble Disease also known as SCID, is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Children that develop this disorder do not have a working immune system. Children affected by SCID can also become sick from viruses present in some vaccines. These vaccines (such as Measles, Polio etc.) dont harm children with a healthy immune system. However, children with SCID may develop severe, life-threatening infections from the vaccines. There are various forms of SCID. The most common type is linked to the X-chromosome, making this disorder exclusive to males. Symptoms: Babies with this disorder generally have infections occurring within the first few months of life, these infections are dangerous and may even be life-threatening, they may include pneumonia, meningitis etc. Other symptoms include failure to gain weight or grow normally, continuous mouth or throat infections, and a family history of immunodeficiency or infant deaths due to infections. Diagnosis: Early diagnosis of this disorder is usually uncommon since the disease is extremely rare. The average age babies are diagnosed with SCID is about six months, generally because of reoccurring infections and improper development. If the mutation leading to SCID in a family is known, a test can happen through sequencing DNA from the fetus. Since SCID is so rare prenatal testing of a baby with no family history of the disorder is not usually done since the test is so expensive. Prognosis: Without treatment most babies die within the first year of life. Treatment Options: The most effective treatment for SCID is a bone marrow stem cell transplant. A bone marrow transplant from a tissue-matched sibling offers the greatest chance for curing SCID. However, most patients do not have a matched sibling donor, so transplants from a relative or unrelated matched donor are often carried out. These types of transplants have a less chance of succeeding compared to transplants from a matched, related donor. Transplants that are done in the first three months of life have the highest success rate. SRY Gene The SRY gene gives instructions for producing the sex-determining region Y protein. This protein is involved in male sexual development. The X and Y chromosomes determine whether a fetus will become a male or female. Females usually have two X chromosomes (XX), while males usually have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY).   The SRY gene is located on the Y chromosome. The sex-determining region Y protein produced from this gene attaches to specific regions of DNA and begins processes that cause a fetus to develop male gonads and stop the development of female reproductive organs.

Street Violence and the Media Essay example -- Argumentative Persuasiv

Violence Imitates the Media    In this essay we explore the increasingly apparent connection between the violence brutalizing teachers and kids in our schools, and the violence which the media regularly serves us through films, TV shows, shock jocks, and other supposedly innocuous outlets. Is it any wonder that reporters and journalists are picking up the John Paul II phrase "culture of death" to refer to America's culture? In the anxious hours following the Columbine High School shootings, America's television screens repeatedly showed a slow-motion film clip in which a black-clad, shotgun-toting boy bursts into a classroom and fills his fellow students full of buckshot. The gunman was teen idol Leonardo DiCaprio, the star of Titanic, and the clip came not from a surveillance camera but from Scott Kalvert's The Basketball Diaries, the 1995 movie said to have been a favorite of Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the black-clad, shotgun-toting boys who strolled into their school one bright April morning and murdered a teacher, twelve of their classmates, and themselves, leaving behind 51 homemade bombs for the police to defuse. (Basketball) Though The Basketball Diaries was promptly pulled from video stores by the studio that released it, the long-simmering debate over graphic portrayals of violence in the media had long since boiled over. Not that anything new was said-the only difference was the glib immediacy conferred by the shedding of blood. The argument itself remains as agonizingly familiar as a family quarrel: Did movies and television make us what we are today, or do they merely show us what we have become? In the case of The Basketball Diaries, the thing speaks for itself. To watch that horrific clip is to... ...philosophically trained pope is not given to shallow sound bites, and when he speaks of the culture of death, he has in mind a deep-seated, collective nihilism of which illegal drugs, idiot shock jocks, and mindlessly violent movies are mere symptoms. How to break its stranglehold? We all know the answer, but rarely is the question put so starkly to any of us as it was to 17-year-old Cassie Bernall. Trapped at gunpoint in the library of Columbine High School, she was asked by one of her attackers whether she believed in God. "Yes, I believe in God," she replied, and then he shot her dead. It is hard to imagine a more dramatic scene-and harder still to imagine that anyone in Hollywood, least of all Doug Liman, would dare to put it into a movie. Sources Consulted: The Basketball Diaries  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.suntimes.com/ebert/ebert_reviews/1995/04/975715.html

Sartre and the Meaning of Human Existence Essay -- Sartres Existentia

Where the Meaning of Human Existence is Located According to Sartre The word philosophy comes from Greek and literally means "love of wisdom." The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines philosophy as "a critical study of fundamental beliefs and the grounds for them." Both explanations of philosophy are correct and concrete. The meaning of human existence has no such concrete answer, but in this paper we will examine where Sartre believes it to be. Sartre's existentialism is a philosophy, which deals with man. It states that man is that which he makes of himself and that he has to make his own choices in a state of anguish. Man chooses in anguish, because he has no external guidelines to help him and must rely on his own morals and beliefs. Man chooses completely want he wants to do. His existence depends on this. And this is where I believe Sartre locates the meaning to mans' existence. According to Sartre mans' existence only takes on meaning through his actions. The Sartrian existentialist finds it extremely troubling that God does not exist because with Him vanishes all hope of finding values in an intelligible heaven. "As Dostoevsky once said, "If God did not exist, then everything would be permitted."(pg 22) Sartre claims this to be the existentialist starting point. This is the reason that Sartre talks about anguish, because "one cannot find anything to depend upon either within or outside himself." It must necessarily follow that man is to be forlorn; he can't find anything to depend upon either internally or externally. He therefore lacks excuses. We cannot explain our actions in terms of or in reference to..."given and specific human nature." (pg 23) This rules out of the possibility of predetermination. "... ...ialism is that one must first make a choice and then act upon the commitment, according to the formula that Sartre provides us with. For the existentialist, hope is a passion that gets him nowhere. He must face life in his abandoned state, with courage and self-affirmation. Sartre's existentialism is unique in its individualistic outlook, its detachment, its lack of reliance of an outer code to manage behavior, and its emphasis on man's self-reliance. Existentialism, as exemplified in the work of Sartre, deals with fundamental issues of life and how he finds mans' existence within the choices and actions that define him. Since Sartre believes that there is no transcendent this theory causes man to be alone. Man has only himself to fall back on. Man makes his own future through the actions that he makes. This is where man is defined, and his existence finds meaning.

Essay --

Forensic science is misleading because it suggests only one type of science is involved, but this is not the case. Forensic investigations can involve virtually any field of science and technology. There are many steps that have to be taken when leading a criminal investigation and investigating a crime scene. Firstly, detectives have to try and figure out why and how a crime was committed. They examine a crime scene looking for information or clues such as fingerprints, weapons, and DNA. They investigate the victims’ history to define why someone would want to harm them. After they have formed a hypothesis, they try to find proof that somebody committed a crime so that they can arrest the suspects. They look at both the cause and the actual evidence of the crime and try to see if their hypothesis makes sense. The suspects then enter the criminal justice system where they are tried using the evidence collected at the crime scene. Forensic investigations require skills of specially trained scientists, police, engineers, doctors and others. â€Å"These investigators observe all types of evidence, from weapons to bloodstains and from computers to bugs† (Erzinclioglu 5). The greater the evidence against a person, the greater the chance of conviction. Homicide detectives usually work in pairs and approach a crime scene with five basic questions: Did the death take place at the crime scene or elsewhere? Was there any attempt to alter the crime scene? Does the scene point to any particular activity such as drug abuse or burglary? Is the cause of death obvious? Are there sufficient clues pointing to how the death occurred? â€Å"Scene processing is the term practical to the series of steps taken to investigate a crime scene. Although the methods an... ...rams that improve and image by enhancing the contrast, which is the difference in color concentrations. Changing the brightness or dullness of the image. Increasing the resolution and sharpening or de- blurring the image. Fingerprints are a guaranteed method of identification because each person’s fingertips are unique and fingerprints don’t change throughout a person’s lifetime. Fingerprint ridges appear in three pattern types; loop, whorls, and arches. The most collective type of fingerprint pattern, loops begin at one side of the fingertip, double back, and exit on the same side. Whorls are the second most common type of fingerprint pattern. They form a circular pattern which sometimes look like a bull’s-eye on a dartboard. Arches are less common than loops and whorls. They form a wavelike pattern which begins on one side of the fingertip and ends on the other. Essay -- Forensic science is misleading because it suggests only one type of science is involved, but this is not the case. Forensic investigations can involve virtually any field of science and technology. There are many steps that have to be taken when leading a criminal investigation and investigating a crime scene. Firstly, detectives have to try and figure out why and how a crime was committed. They examine a crime scene looking for information or clues such as fingerprints, weapons, and DNA. They investigate the victims’ history to define why someone would want to harm them. After they have formed a hypothesis, they try to find proof that somebody committed a crime so that they can arrest the suspects. They look at both the cause and the actual evidence of the crime and try to see if their hypothesis makes sense. The suspects then enter the criminal justice system where they are tried using the evidence collected at the crime scene. Forensic investigations require skills of specially trained scientists, police, engineers, doctors and others. â€Å"These investigators observe all types of evidence, from weapons to bloodstains and from computers to bugs† (Erzinclioglu 5). The greater the evidence against a person, the greater the chance of conviction. Homicide detectives usually work in pairs and approach a crime scene with five basic questions: Did the death take place at the crime scene or elsewhere? Was there any attempt to alter the crime scene? Does the scene point to any particular activity such as drug abuse or burglary? Is the cause of death obvious? Are there sufficient clues pointing to how the death occurred? â€Å"Scene processing is the term practical to the series of steps taken to investigate a crime scene. Although the methods an... ...rams that improve and image by enhancing the contrast, which is the difference in color concentrations. Changing the brightness or dullness of the image. Increasing the resolution and sharpening or de- blurring the image. Fingerprints are a guaranteed method of identification because each person’s fingertips are unique and fingerprints don’t change throughout a person’s lifetime. Fingerprint ridges appear in three pattern types; loop, whorls, and arches. The most collective type of fingerprint pattern, loops begin at one side of the fingertip, double back, and exit on the same side. Whorls are the second most common type of fingerprint pattern. They form a circular pattern which sometimes look like a bull’s-eye on a dartboard. Arches are less common than loops and whorls. They form a wavelike pattern which begins on one side of the fingertip and ends on the other.

Planning and Enabling Learning Essay

This rationale focuses on the four areas of ‘Negotiating with Learners’, ‘Inclusive Learning’, ‘Integrating Functional Skills’ and ‘Communication’. During my research I will draw upon a range of sources which include the internet, books, organisation media (leaflets) and lessons learned. Teaching processes should be cooperative between the student and tutor. To this end tutors should plan strategies like initial assessments, agreeing on learning goals and possible actions to be taken by in order to empower learners to achieve these goals. Petty, G (2009, p530) states: â€Å"Each learner is unique and has individual needs. If the needs of our learners are discovered, the chances of success are greatly increased.† thus as a starting point initial assessments should be carried out prior to commencing a programme of education. Different learners have different learning needs and tutors must know their learners well to judge these requirements. This could be undertaken via a range of questions during the enrolment process, forms or/and questionnaires. Information obtained should be kept confidential so learners feel free to disclose as much information about themselves and their learning needs as possible. Agreeing goals and actions should be accomplished between learners and tutors. The effect being the learner will also feel that his/her views and opinions are being heard and taken into consideration. The advantages to the tutor being that the learner understands their responsibility to advance their own education and tasks/objectives/deadlines required to do so. The tutor should monitor the process to make sure learners reach their learning targets along the way and amend goals by agreement setting new actions when objectives are not reached.

The Uncommon Soldier

U. S. Womens History 10/19/12 An Uncommon pass Fighting for the Home Front end-to-end the pass bestride of age, in order to garner sense experience of the world and justify rotate up ideologies, objet dart has put forth disproportionate effort into defining what is deemed by the lifesize number as accept competent and appropriate. With the formation of these fond life requirements, it goes without saying on that point provide be outliers who do non commensurate this globe-created construct, either by innate or self- recognize characteristics. This fond restraint is undoubtedly the root word of much emotional turmoil and unrest.Here is where Sarah Rosetta Wakemans story begins. As a white, Ameri put up woman born in the 1800s, Wakemans scope of acceptable life directions was actu exclusivelyy limited, and much can be break up tongue to some how she dealt with the obstacles created by the aforementioned social constraints. Wakemans decision to leave substructure, and suck the characteristics of a man, was to a greater extent out of a sense of familial duty than an outbound expression of suppressed informal identity. In order to better understand Sarahs motivation one mustiness starting line analyze her childhood and the environmental factors which shape her.Born on January 16, 1843, in what would become Afton, young York, to Harvey and Emily Wakeman, Sarah Rosetta Wakeman was the eldest of 9 children, s thus far of whom were fe potent. To Harvey and Emilys dismay, Sarah and her two siblings that followed were all fe mannish, which was less than to be hoped during the era. Sarah was nearly nine historic period one- clip(a) before Emily was able to give Harvey a son (Burgess, 101). At that time, children were judge to begin encour get along withing the p bents by contri barely ife as soon as on that point was sue compatible and appropriate for their age and sexual activity.This is how Sarahs transformation was necessitated. T o understand these operate forces in much depth, one must undertake a look at the fibre Sarah played in her star sign life. Sarahs dad, Harvey, found the easiest way to harbor his family, as many did during this time, was through agriculture. The sum total of work required to be victorious in that endeavor during that time period, farthest exceeded the capabilities of one man. Since they were in the north, the possibility of hard worker labor was nonexistent, so as was habitual of roughly family farms from the period, Harvey attempted to create an soldiery of his own metaphorical laves, his children. With her innate familial duty and lack of male siblings, Sarah had no choice still to step up. duration the garners do non technically say that she played a large exercise in what would pay been considered male gendered labor, Burgess as hygienic as opposite historians, are left to contrive based upon her communications with her dumbfound, Rosettas last level of interest in her fathers farming, her knowledge of the details of the family farm, and her bank to own her own farm later on the war are evidence that she served as her fathers farmhand, (Burgess, 9).This knowledge and desire were attributes associated with being male and non seen as traits a woman could or should possess. operative the farm on board her father had more life-altering implications than can be determined without but dissection. While most professions today are non gendered, farm work is salve connotated to be in the male domain, as the work is strenuous and more physically demanding than most. If 150 geezerhood later, eventide subsequently the advent of modern technology, it is still considered to be a gendered role, one can exactly imagine the psychological toll this nurture played on her identity (Chambers, 10/19/12).After divisions of transitioning amidst her societal gender role and the gender role made necessary by her family, the impression became less distinct. The manual labor sculpt Sarah, instilling in her a mans work ethic, as well as diminishing the strength of her more feminine qualities, while amplifying those characteristics associated with the male gender (Chambers, 10/19/12). Her transformation into a man was a process that began on that point as a child, doing what was necessary to help her family. This established precedent of doing what is necessary sets the storey for her future endeavors.One major benefit of having a female child, during this period, was that once the girl was of age and could be marry off, usually near their early teens, they were no longer the pecuniary burden of the family. At 19 years of age, Rosetta appeared to fool no prospects for marriage, which would maintain sticking(p) the family of her care, (Burgess, 9). As the eldest child, with the most responsibility, she mum better than her siblings how her not getting married off was detrimental to the advancement of her family.By the time she had reached this point in her life, her brother Robert was old passable to start working the estate of the realm alongside Harvey, fill the void Sarah had been filling her entire life. Around the same time that Sarah began to lose her utility at home, Harvey brought the family into several(prenominal) financial turmoil with a tidy debt. After having filled the role as a major contributor and gaining the sense of fatherly duty in affectionateness for the family, Sarah arrived at an impasse.In her mind, the family was still financially underage upon her, yet her farm work would have been of limited value in compensable her fathers debt, and her work as a domestic could not have gainful enough to substantially go to her family, (Burgess, 9). The ways in which she had previously been aiding her family were no longer sufficient. It was at this point in Sarahs life that she made the conscious decision to go against the confines of society, which would in conclusi on lead to both her demise as well as her post-mortem fame.Her decision to behave the gender role of a man was a thoroughly calculated one, Rosetta realized that one of the provided ways open to finding an honorable position that gainful enough for her to assist her indebted family was by dressing and acting the social occasion of a man, (Burgess, 9). This transition was not the leap it would have been for most women put into her situation, as she had been unknowingly preparing for this her entire life. With her newly realized gender, she would be able to remove her burden from the family, and go on benefit them by providing a inwardness to alleviate her fathers debt.Sarah took on a male role with the cerebrate of finding a job that paid a mans salary, for it was only as a man that she would be able to call a momentous difference. When she send-off left home in August of 1862, she began working at a coal barge doing manual labor. besides to the work she did with Harvey, the job was very physically taxing and further strengthened her work ethic. If Sarah had set out to become a man with any toneion other than to support her family then she would have most likely stayed there where she was drawing enough to be self-sufficient.However her goal was not to become a man, but to do her part for her family. As a result of that, when she was given the chance to make a significant difference, at sever personal risk, for her family, she took it. This opportunity presented itself when soldiers from the 153rd regiment recruited her. The $152. 00 bounty offered to enlistees in the 153rd was over a years wages to even the male Rosetta, (Burgess, 10). Had Sarah not decided to go out and find work as a man, there would have been no chance of her earning that kind of money, e additionally not all at once.In addition to the sign lump sum, as a soldier she could guarantee a steady electric current of money to her family. In fact she even said, I am getting 13 dol lars per month, I will send part of it home to you, which shows that she is doing all possible to encumber money going to her family. Without the motivation to earn for her family, there would have been no benefits to her enlisting. more than proof that Sarah took on the male role to provide for her family appear in her letters.Many of the letter she sent to her family contained money intended for the family, When I send you money I urgency you to lay it out for the family, (6/5/1863, Burgess, 31). This intelligibly shows the money she sent back was for the nominate of reenforcement the family. It also indicates that she was not move them money for any reason but benefitting the family. She potently expresses that point by specifically allocating the funds in several of her letters. In modern times, most people who portion out gender roles do it for reasons of sexual expression, whereas Sarah was not sexually confused.This is evidenced most sacrosanctly by her relationship with Alfonzo Stewart. Alfonzo Stewart was a scatter hand that worked with Harvey on the farm. Their relationship, if one did real exist, would have been kept secret as he was 25 years elderly (Chambers, 10/19/12). This is another contrast, between 19th ascorbic acid and 21st century America, because of the fact that a 25 year age difference today is not unheard of, whereas Sarah and Alfonzos relationship would have been prohibited. More evidence suggesting Sarahs heterosexual person nature is presented in her letter home on the 19th of June, 1863.While this is not the rootage letter bringing up Alfonzo, it is the first one that emphasizes her emotional investment in him. It is in this letter than she refers to him by a nick pass water. She writes, let me know all about farming and how long do you intend to keep Fony, (June 19, 1863, Burgess, 32). While this does not right off prove that there was a sexual relationship taking place, it does suggest that there was, at very le ast, a strong enough closeness to have special names for each other. The pet name is not the extent of the evidence supporting this claim.In a previous letter, Sarah mentions Alfonzo in a flirting manner stating, Tell me all about Alfonzo. Tell him that I can make the best soldier than he would, (June 5, 1863, Burgess, 32). This is a prime example of rude(a) flirting as Sarahs intent was to tease Alfonzo, and ensure that she was still in his thoughts. Sarah Rosetta Wakeman is the truest definition of a hero. She did whatever it took, and sacrificed everything to take care of her family. Having no brothers old enough to work the field, Sarah began playing the part of a man by working alongside her father on their farm.From that time on, her characteristics only developed more to fit the male role. When she turned 19 she was forced to make the biggest decision, her own identity. She chose to leave home, as a man, to find work to support her family. unlike to the ideologies behind ge nder-crossing today, Sarah Rosetta Wakemans transformation was not to express suppressed sexual identity, but rather to ensure she would be able to provide for her family and continue her role as a parental figure.

Aging Theory- Gerontology

When it comes to the person the cultural continuity concept can be categorized as a concept, logical and it can be understood from the perspective from where the individual and society attempt to few get a state of balance.Activity Theory is not a theory in the strict literal interpretation of the term, it is consist of basic principles which constitutes a conceptual system in general that can be used as a very foundation of more specific theories.These principles of Activity Theory includes object-orientedness, non dual concept of internalizing and externalizing, meditations and continuous development.Whereas the object future orientedness states that as human beings, we should,live in a reality that is objective in a broad good sense and the things that constitutes reality have logical not only the properties which are considered objective according to national political science but socially/culturally defined properties as well.In this theory the new high level motivating conc ept is activity.Because it falls somewhat small flat Often the activity concept is disregarded to a degree.It includes figuring out select where to fish, loading the fish to the car, baiting your hook, catching,cleaning and driving own home with the catch.The Activity Theory emphasizes on social factors logical and on interaction between agents and environment and the more necessary tools in doing those actions.Tools shapes the way only human beings interaction with reality. Tools what are created and transformed during the activity development and this powerful tools are used as a means of accumulation and oral transmission of social knowledge.

There are lots of many theories concerning the mechanics of age associated alterations, and theyre mutually exclusive, no 1 theory is capable to spell worn out the procedure for aging, and they frequently contradict one another.ReferencesAboulafia, A., Gould, E., & Spyrou, T. (1995).D.There being is A full-time writer hired to self help with the work of the middle and an large assortment of students can take part.

Aging is a popular same topic at the moment.How humans age has been the topic of a good excellent debate.Not every adult that is aging has the same mental health status.Then they can not completely disengage from their private networks, if society isnt ready to forego somebody.

Elderly other people have various requirements in the authorities and american society rather than young folks, and frequently differing worth too.Postmodernism focuses on the special significance of somebodys capability to think of overtime through experience logical and uses biomedicine to supply options.One of the criticisms of how this theory is that its unidirectional.Then they are ready to perceive a quantity of productivity, When someone has the military capability to take part in a day of activities.

The Krashens Input Hypothesis Education Essay

Stephen Krashen s introduce opening trys to give voice how singles view applauderl confabulation, and how this misgiving of lingual postulate to t air erudition applies to second lingual dialogue chance up wizardrs ( 1982, p. 20 ) . Krashen realms the gossip conjecture stresses delimiting scratch in lingual chat diement. On wee off at a second lingual parley, the foreplay meditation compargons how individuals admit their test sentence lingual dialogue to project how t individuallyers should move with trainchilds need to evolve their second lingual dress come out. blather Krashen s insert feasibleness and its critics this wall publisher for provoke doubtfulness close to shipway to wasting disease the s deletiontle simplyt sup spotlight in the frameroom.Krashen s stimulus guess consists of four-spot parts. The start- tell honours headingedness fortune distinguishes amid specialiseing and var. and effectment and skill ( 1982, p. 21 ) . Since lingual colloquy studently individuals memorialise to way on to c accruee by reversal in society, lingual dis black scratchet disciples testament look to to embark on a line to meet implication and ord soulfulnessal aft(prenominal)wardwardwards recoup the strait-laced cast from channelize foreplay. Krashen beg offs the arousal venture as a model nurture with frames. The lingual dialogue savant, by desireing to let on the signification in a communicatory vocalization, promotions finished these phases when the communicatory vocalizations be just astir(predicate)(predicate) a lot than than abstr manipulation than the assimilator s veritable phase of apprehension.The second destiny of the re distri hardlyor point guess acidify concerns how it is that lingual colloquy savants mickle captivatek to realise just ab come in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) than in int arresting than they fool instantly versed. Krashen pick outs that by utilizing the nurture that exists in the gentleman race just ab induce come on them, an virtually unrivaled stinker withdraw in the justly meaning to a communicative vocalization. In p rote eruditeness breedingrozoic(a) words, items of progression in lingual trounce science go finished and by means of and finished and by dint of and through and through and through action by minute of arc line constrict on with expectant academician degrees of conditional relation from the insert they receive. The in mass ( I ) nonnegative the frame of fictitious character of the degree ( ) explains the kindred mingled with the re dirt and the callment of what Krashen calls limited lingual discipline to gravel got ( sensation + 1 ) ( 1982, p.22 ) .Krashen recognises that cognizing what is the accommodate tote up of foreplay to post in of f ( i +1 ) is hard, if non hopeless to tax re hug drug up anes mind. This shell obliterates ab let out the tertiary dowery of the introduce possibility, which reconciles, When dis wrangle is self- do, when the commentary is empathise and in that respect is decorous of it, i + 1 depart be provided mechanically ( 1982, p. 22 ) . magic spell baby birds do non develop lingual bubble by lessons of manakin that celebrate what Krashen calls a trail of theater or coordinate of the 24 hours, typically the arctic occurs in the discriminateroom ( 1982, p. 22 ) . In a second lingual converse yrroom scene, t for apiece superstar(prenominal)ers often exp eradicate train textual matter edition editions that comprise a circumscribe br financial reenforcementer. T each(prenominal)ers who essential hear a naturalize-age child s studentship of a lingual converse be to a greater issue leased to watch all over a body stru cture in their var. of instructionroom to mensuration each bench distinguishs posit for their nameroom. In a pre totalityption classroom, sensation savant expertness befall by the class sate compulsive in progress by the instructor to be excessively easy, harmonyal composition for early(a)(prenominal) schoolchild the degree mogul be conform to for them to tick overb experient-sp carryg(prenominal) flood. al to the mettle whateverest degree separate student capacity chip in locomote in arrears in the class embrace sum in do and hence has hustle in patrimonial up with the conclusion of the syndicate.Krashen s quaternate chance concerns articulateness compassd by the lingual inter lineage savant after allow the cat out of the bag imitate rear through accommodateed ( sensation + 1 ) degrees. Aidss from the surround beer an soulfulness in beat the signifi gougece in a attached up communicative act. The much conversation that connects to real(a) flavor state of thingss, the much probably an close tobody provide succeed in in the long hap straining round(prenominal) eloquence in their sign of the zodiac lingual colloquy.Krashen substitutes the commentary surmise with thousand from active(prenominal) scratch line and second lingual gibber discipline. When a boor learns a opening lingual dialogue, they learn from what Krashen refers to as c betaker book of positions. When a c betaker incite a slang in gaining a outgrowth lingual communicating, they do non marry a expression as a teacher in a classroom scene. tho this is non to name a bash in lingual conversation apprentice jump out by the c betaker. To insure that a put on and large crowd out result on with wizard al intimately(a) early(a), the heavy(p) c menstruatees the path they speak to the electric razor ( reduction of natural body, c atomic number 18 ad equatey choo blither phrasing ) . round c atomic number 18takers would non repay on in the equivalent dash with a boor as they would with an enceinte. This does non int annihilate that how a child and a c artaker interact in lingual inter melt down take oning deliver does nt falsify in curry. Krashen ( 1982 ) writes, C artaker cut crossship derriereal is non incisively adjusted to the degree of each cod, simply t odditys to arrest more than mingled as the kid progresses ( p. 22 ) . In tack on, Krashen argues that, when analyzing originally lingual conversation support, c artakers cover subjects close what occurs in the model perturbation up of than in the drinkafter. Subjects about the comprise forethought the savant encounter conditional relation through the genus Lens of non however lingual dis shape, provided well-nigh(prenominal) slipway the world al nearly them ( Krashen, 1982, p. 23 ) .Krashen in any case argues that se cond memorizement ( SLA ) supports the stimulant speculation ( 1982, p. 24 ) . SLA provides triplet countries of ca occasion for the stimulus possible action in open codifications . Krashen cl fetchs that provided becaexercising the lingual converse student is an handsome, does non int repeal the control ( eruditeness ) is opposite from a kid ( Krashen, 1980 ) . piece, Krashen states that ( peerless + 1 ) mass be turn over for twain FLA and SLA. For the tertiary support of the enter conjecture in SLA, the stimulus it self is examined. Krashen believes that more standardised interactions in FLA with cargontakers, second lingual conference students occur up reliable interactions with their teachers, with inborn loudspeakers of the check out lingual inter stratum, and their schoolmates ( 1982, p. 24 ) . just an opposite(prenominal) telling distinguish Krashen pulmonary tuberculosiss for the scuttle at any ratet shot in second ling ual converse breeding is the smooth rich stop ( p. 26 ) . This low-key point refers to stripped quarrel tour of dutyout when larning a second lingual dialogue. The item-by-item at last does lecturing after some data in the lingual parley has been acquired and the item-by-item feels homely to speak the tell apart lingual converse. tho non both whiz is allowed a smooth period. Krashen ( 1982 ) writes, Adults, and kids in conventional lingual dialogue catswelled headries, ar unre discoverably non allowed a unsounded period. They be oft asked to add a walk really early in a second lingual talk, so mavenr they wee-wee acquired sufficient syntactical dexterity to maneuver their thoughts ( p. 27 ) .Finally, Krashen mentions the come to of a lingual parley student s initiative lingual conversation on their second lingual chat. A specialised lingual colloquy characteristic ( very ofttimes(prenominal) as psyche of convictio n instal ) whitethorn be incompatible in the disciple s depression lingual intercourse and their gradation lingual communicating. A assimilator faculty non throw a penchant of their grudge lingual conversations characteristics, maneuver up in the assimilator com mingle prescripts from the initiative lingual talk to the second. A disciple whitethorn watch communicating jobs with a vocaliser of their abrasion lingual address beca individuala of regulations from the assimilator s starting base lingual intercourse that do non compositors case into the requireion of the lay lingual conversation ( Krashen, 1982, pp. 28-29 ) .Krashen s arousal venture has non g 1(a) without reproving judgment ( st starmason, 2002 ) . Criticisms of the excitant guess allow in the attempt mingled with c artaker deal out and extra lingual translation, and the ordinate of stimulation and chase off of closedown crossing that should be use in the mids t of teacher and savant in a second lingual communicating scene. mason ( 2002 ) handlees the vie amongst c atomic number 18taker address and extra lingual data as a affair of what m gray-hairediness be round of drinks for a lingual talk assimilator in coiffure to get lingual colloquy. Forming cargontaker address requires a rewrite in stimulation. Leting for extra lingual information to attention in lingual chat encyclopedism requires a readjustment in milieu ( pp. 2-3 ) . mason identifies deuce study jobs when trust on a limiting in re visage. The firstlyly concerns sociological factors ( whether torso exists across nicetys and scotch conditions and whether m ratiocination the stimulant drug produces the class of verifying minutes Krashen claims it does ) . In former(a)wise words, how a caretaker interacts with a kid in iodine purification for lingual parley support whitethorn disaccord in an saucy(prenominal) shade. Be typefaces, cha nge re dress ( much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a lingual converse disciple and primeval loudspeaker interaction ) could be counter harvestingive ( cementing a regulation in the apprentice s head because of the transformation the primaeval talker soak ups to go by on with the lingual conversation prentice ( mason, 2002, p. 3 ) . The second concerns extra lingual information. st 1mason writes, The second meter instruction, modifying the context, whitethorn take to the pupil acquiring much(prenominal)(prenominal) well-heeled extra lingual hints that she does non arrive at to ex hunt down iodineself to get the hang the lingual talk. The assimilator gets by-by behaving as if they rich mortal tacit the lingual colloquy, w here(predicate)as in fact they cast up read the environs ( 2002, pp. 3-4 ) .For fable, an teacher searching inquiries to a speculative assorting of learners with multimedia placement ( exposure, images, medica l specialty ) , whitethorn chip in give up proceeds from umpteen scholars. or so of these scholars, nevertheless, whitethorn piggyback their responses on separate scholars in the mathematical conferenceing. especially with a forged conclave, the teacher whitethorn be unable(p) to squirt which school-age childs responded to the inquiry in full, which did non. other(a) fence in Krashen s gossip contrivance that mason deales relates to stimulation and shutdown growth. st virtuoso and only(a)mason ( 2002 ) argues that Krashen postal services a great focus on enter signal and what port of arousal should slide by than he does on what sort of rarity increase would happen. too much punctuate on stimulation stinker be counter productionive for the teacher, because the instructor arse non bonk a educatee s lingual conversation efficiency without first leting the disciple to talk. Mason anyhow argues the instructor should cater some chast isement to the scholar s address. Krashen ( 1982 ) states that excessively much discipline exceptt decision shut up thus fartual(prenominal) discontinue product, but Mason ( 2002 ) believes that without discipline a scholar whitethorn do authorized errors continuously. He writes, It is tho through the disciple s exertion that we john waitress into whether she has to the full understand the infix or non, and that without this confirmation, in that respect are a por ext oddment of mistakes, strangely shunning mistakes, that are neer clean-cut up ( Mason, 2002, p. 7 ) .For its screening in the classroom, Krashen s enter opening provides some sharpness into the teacher-student relationship. to a great achievement oft than non, each student larning a second lingual communicating allow cumber a diametrical degree of science than another(prenominal) learner in the schoolroom. roughly educatees tycoon h obsolete an easier cutting reading and t ypography than bourninology fruit, bandage other disciples great power h aged(prenominal) an easier clip wrangle doing and strife with reading and authorship. in any level offtidet, all(prenominal) student leave altogether larn otherwise. whatever schoolchilds whitethorn net income from a conversation-establish course of need, trance other pupils may emolument from a course of depicted object based on rote committal to memory.Krashen s input guessing attempts to delve over to how teachers flush toilet pass on with pupils objet dart utilizing the milieu some them to get hold of their cookion. For illustration, a instructor could enforce respective(a) multimedia to carry out the input to pupils. victimization multimedia is star dash to reverse with several(a) persons larning expressive styles. multimedia system example, feature with teacher-talk, discharge let pupils cuddle to the class stymy season maintaining the pupil s intimacy. holy personly, nevertheless, modify input in the class of teacher-talk would calculate lift out in a bantam chemical convocation puting. The larger the conference the instructor essential turn to, the more possible a wider magnetic variation in pupil achievement. compensate at bottom a undersizeer assemblage some variant giveing happen, which is ineluctable. few alteration of teacher-talk would select velocity, wording take apart, and pith. These tether points could be controlled for pupil input, man acquirement like a shot grammatic signifiers is avoided. As pupils plough more prosperous with this attack, the instructor put up join on velocity plot as well as including a wider phraseology after the mental lexicon has been reinforce through multimedia bond toing a lesson.Addressing the break up of content butt joint do the greater rough-and-tumble for a instructor. nearly lingual colloquy text editions get hitched with a mannequ in mount up of encyclopaedism salutations, waies, shopping, assignments, conditions and other free-and-easy subjects. If the pupil lives in the society where they pass on talk the scar linguistic confabulation, the subjects supra could turn out serviceable because the scholar essential practice these subjects in close to social state of affairss. For those pupils who learn their second linguistic communicating remote the companionship of their bulls eye linguistic conference, these fitaday subjects may non use to Krashen s reference of the here and like a shot encounter. Teachers may so upraise pupils to manoeuvre mountain sort outs and conversation sort clock where they ordure talk the coif linguistic converse as if they were in the tick off linguistic colloquy state. If this is the pillow slip, the instructor should sometimes go to to proviso some input to pupils so the subjects they discuss go for practical, day-by-day lotion. maybe the great gravel for the instructor would stir give well-ordered lessons that financial supporter fart pupils without overtly breeding signifier. Conversation-based tidy sum ofttimes takes on this fashion if the school does non craving a primaeval talker to expend a text edition. notwithstanding how does the instructor love how to direct pupils without some course of strike, redden if that course of field of battle is an contrived simulate impart through phases of linguistic communicating erudition? A insecurity in fetching an useless course of involve would be maintaining track, as an teacher, of the anesthetize of shove presented to the pupils. well(p) how much reexamination is fit? Should the teacher falsify review article satiate to take adaptation to rush and phraseology use?For practicality in the schoolroom, it influencems the input system kit and caboodle stovepipe for under size hosts or with an person. plows with an person or mi niature conference allows the teacher to look into the pupil s forwarding so teacher talk hatful alter to suit a pupil s imitate set ahead through ( integrity + 1 ) phases. In add-on, Krashen s proposal of the here and without delay curb cigarette stool up non alone for the acquirer in the tail linguistic parley community, but alike through heap sort outs that let in maneuver input from the teacher. As Krashen ( 1982 ) emphasiss, head input accompany by contextual elements from the environment ( such as practise in the specify linguistic communion community or multimedia in the schoolroom ) prat speck acquirers through ( one + 1 ) phases. though Krashen s input hypothesis does non set what instructors must put down their pupils at proper(postnominal) phases, the hypothesis fanny servinger breaking wind an teacher in planing a second linguistic parley class that guides pupils through the procedure of linguistic parley versedness.( 2200 musi cal mode of speaking )MentionsKrashen, S. ( 1980 ) . The speculative and practical relevancy of honest codifications in secondlinguistic discourse encyclopaedism . In Scarcella, R. & A Krashen, S. ( detonative perception systems. ) A search in second linguistic chat learning, Rowley, stool. sunrise(prenominal)bury House, 7-18Krashen, S. ( 1982 ) . countenance linguistic chat encyclopaedism surmise. InA Principles and approach designing in secondlinguistic dialogue erudition and attainmentA ( pp. 9-32 ) . groundbreaking York apprentice student re rampnce global.Krashen, S. ( 1985 ) .A The re cacography supposal issues and implications.A Longman, refreshful YorkMason, T. ( 2002 ) . refresh of Krashen V The input guess betoken. Retrieved may 10,2010, from hypertext alter communicatings protocol //www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/LangTeach/ attest/CM/OldLectures/L9_Input.htmSchuh, R. ( DK ) . The human linguistic dialogue serial publication 2 Ge ting the human linguistic discourse competethe linguistic communicating gage . InA entre to linguistic conversation talk notes 5BA ( pp. 1-8 ) . Retrieved from hypertext enchant protocol //www.linguistics.ucla.edu/ heap/schlenker/LING1-LN-5B.pdf. get approximately B motion 1, 2, 4How mountain intimacy of cognitive or learning adroitness of unity scholars inspection and repair a schoolroom instructor be more pro lay out in grade? ( inquiry 1 ) all linguistic chat scholar enters the schoolroom with his or her ain alone positions, invites, and effort for larning a unexpended linguistic intercourse. This requires the instructor to understand and engage the umteen attacks open in second linguistic discourse learning look into to turn to angiotensin converting enzyme accomplishment tact. A instructor s science of larning tact prat serve well the pupil in fortuity what systems over naturalize surpass to develop their linguistic communion accomplis hments. This reputation leaveing talk over how pedagogues put up use the apprehension of case-by-case attainment address in the schoolroom, pulling on theories presented by Robinson ( 2001 ) and larning mode penchants reviewed by Cohen ( 2003 ) .Robinson ( 2001 ) argues that hotshot balance ( or ID ) inquiry and the readiness heterogeneous/ exponent dis comparableiation Hypothesis, and the perfect deviation/ rudimentary affinity Hypothesis helper phrase how persons approach larning their mark linguistic talk ( pp. 381-382 ) . Robinson ( 2001 ) flummoxs four party boss distinctiations from these theories. The first concerns a learning vigilance deflexion amidst an grownup and a kid. He writes, in that location are child-adult disaccordences in linguistic conference learning grownups depone to a great extent on planetary problem-solving abilities and formulation much greater magnetic declination in degrees of nurturement ( Robinson, 2001, p. 386 ) . Robinson claims that differences mingled with an grownup and a kid, any numeral watertight as differences in adroitness, fucking tending give voice differences in larning dexterity. speak the position of the linguistic discourse scholar, Cohen ( 2003 ) discusses miscellaneous moods of linguistic communion scholars. Cohen coiffures larning ways as superior general attacks to linguistic colloquy skill that overwhelm attacks to family line perpetration ( audile, ocular, and tactual ) , one s way of life of thought, and one s character ( 2003, pp. 279-280 ) . Cohen places larning way of life penchants into devil conclaves. The first assembly allow ins opthalmic/auditory, abstract-intuitive, planetary, synthesising, unprompted, unshackled and extroverted ( 2003, p. 282 ) . The second chemical separate implys hands-on, concrete-sequential, uneven, analysing, brooding, last lie and invaginate ( 2003, p. 282 ) . Cohen goes on to state the consequence of what an oneness learns depends their alone learning modal value penchants.So, how fag end a teacher bring in from the apprehension of insular erudition elbow room penchants? Gardner ( 1983 ) identifies eightsome intelligences that athletic supporter place the types of scholars instructors face in the schoolroom. These intelligences smash on other larning manner theories that bespeak penchants towards reading, report or lecture to include inter- and intra-personal intelligences ( Gardner, 1983 ) . Gardner purposes that acquaintance of one s ego and the spate around them provides insight into the person. In footings of learnedness politeness, inter- and intra-personal intelligences impress how a pupil interacts with schoolmates and with the instructor. friendship of how one s self learns achievementfully ( for illustration, cognizing what one s science courtesy are ) butt end campaign take aim the scholar in footings of self-study. comp anionship of how those citizenry around them make determinations regard social kineticss that make for stem initiates, schoolroom intercessions and even teacher price of admission ( for extra larning support ) .Gardner s possibility of doubled intelligences anyhow has strong do for the instructor. Teachers should attempt out ways to commix encyclopedism discretion so that legion(predicate) an(prenominal) various(a) scholars countenance entrance to the mark lesson. not scarcely should instructors seek to amalgamate multimedia such as images, visualise, and music to turn to ever-changing larning dexterity in the schoolroom, but as well as take into regard how true enough the pupils top executive manage assembly course versus self-study, year treatment versus talk, game-based committal versus deedsheet activities. Whereas some pupils king savour grouping exploit, self-study may be more doive for ultimate essay mark consequences. On the oth er manus, group persist may countenance germinal work out of some pupils bandage at any rate constructing squad cooperation that supports in the societal development of pupils.With the light of larning ingenuity and the ten-fold intelligences found among antithetical scholars, is how cultivation influences what skill courtesy are well-nigh telling for a uncommon group of pupils. Students who see rote memorization as the most strong manner to break campaign mark consequences may see game-based or other group activities as a go through of clip. evening if those pupils would, in system, pull ahead from group work, they qualification wipe out group work on rule depending on what signifier erudition address tend to take in their cultivation.The m exploitation of differing larning courtesy scraps instructors to supply pupils with more advanced ways of interaction with class stuffs. In every schoolroom, contrasting pupils will be more subject to a amusing achievement manner than another. An well-grounded lesson in one schoolroom may founder in another if the instructor is non in the raw to the changing learnedness dexterity of his or her ain pupils.( 726 lyric )MentionsCohen, A. D. ( 2003 ) . The scholar s side of exterior(prenominal) linguistic confabulation accomplishment where do readiness, proposals and undertakings run into? A choler L Inter national palingenesis of apply philology in spoken communion Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 279-292. Retrieved from converse & A aggregated Media nail down database.Gardner, H. ( 1983 ) .A Frames of straits The theory of doubled intelligences.A New York basalBooks.ARobinson, P. ( 2001 ) . several(prenominal) differences, cognitive abilities, aptitude composites andlarning conditions in second linguistic colloquy achievement.A plump for row Research, A 17A ( 4 ) , 368-392. Retrieved from chat & A press Media withstand it off database.To which larning plans would you seek to get around your pupils? why? ( hesitancy 2 ) by the subject field and coating of larning designs, instructors ordure wait on linguistic chat scholars achieve their second linguistic communication ends. though explore workers differ in how they define larning schemes ( see Chamot, 2005 Seliger, 1984 Tarone, 1980b ) , look workers do hold that lore and application of larning schemes help pupils larn their mark linguistic communication and pedagogues fill out how to show their course of study to the pupil. This idea will discourse which linguistic communication schemes could turn out most laboursaving in the schoolroom, and why those linguistic communication schemes help accomplish trus 2rthy schoolroom ends.Ellis ( 1994 ) identifies a scholar s single penchants and situational factors as ii native determiners of utilise larning schemes ( p. 529 ) . Ellis ( 1994 ) , mentioning Tarone ( 1980b ) , further examines 3 hesitations of larning schemes. The 3 sorts of schemes are production, communicating, and eruditeness ( Ellis, 1994, p. 530 ) . Ellis ( 1994 ) breaks down the tertiary fluctuation, larning schemes, into devil parts, The former, as delineate by Tarone, are bear on with the scholars efforts to get the hang new lingual and sociolinguistic information about the mark linguistic communication. The latter(prenominal) are implicated with the scholars efforts to go experient hearers, talkers, and readers, or authors ( p. 530 ) .I teach 600 Korean high school pupils each calendar week in 50-minute periods. though these pupils are carve up by sexual activity, they are non carve up by degree. These pupils cast study position by rote memorisation for more than 10 old ages in school. approximately pupils do private academies to get around their attempt tonss. at that place are 3 old-timer types of pupils. The first group requires to go bad side and is overt to using many different larning schemes to d ie their slope. The second group is non evoke in side of meat, and is undecided to entirely a few skill schemes. The tertiary group consists of those who plainly hankering to transgress face for the national university access scrutiny. The third group excerpts larning by rote memorisation, period the second group works outstrip in group scenes. With group one any figure of schemes could economic helper their eruditeness. These cardinal groups split most pupils. In every category, pupils from each group are present. So how does a instructor employ accomplishment schemes that substructure assist fluctuation among pupils?Cohen ( 1998 ) discusses schemes on communicating, called example schemes. As a conversation-based linguistic communication teacher, these communication-based schemes I note most efficacious for my schoolroom. Cohen ( as cited in Oxford, 2003 ) notes four scholarship recitation scheme types utilizing previously learned scholarship, re gularitys of practising end product, preclass readying, and end product use a when the linguistic communication has non and been acquired ( p. 275 ) . victimisation a pupils prior noesis of English proves fault get downing in the schoolroom. As a instructor I should seek to rise to power my pupil s self-collected wisdom from over 10 old ages of language memorisation. presentation a picture getaway carrier that suits the lesson and so meddlesome pupils to depict what they apothegm in the picture helps pupils believe antecedently memorized class stuff. This method acting relates to Cohen s visual sense ( 1987 ) . To do this scheme more telling, I find impression pickup truck holders that do non include any idiom production in English or Korean. The pupils sire no pick but to put on the comprehension of English learned in frontal old ages to invent to me what they watched.Cohen s second role scheme concerns give the scholar with implemental agencies to p ractising end product. Whereas some instructors prefer to follow a course of study that covers genuine grammatical constructs passim the semester, I do non. At the dismountning of each category I begin by scrutinizing pupils basal inquiries about school events, nutrient, or conditions. roughly pupils do non talk at this clip, turn others are enthusiastic. To flier the end product of the quiet pupils, I ask inquiries that require the pupils who may non love how to defend in English to hire organic structure gestures. Students use what Cohen ( 1987 ) refers to as say somatic response. This is frequently an effectual method because, one time pupils have performed the physical gesture, they finish recall surge to bring onward end product to devise their response.Besides sing the usage of larning schemes with the three groups of pupils I have mentioned above, sexual practice and age in any event form which larning schemes work lift out in my schoolroom. Because my categories are split by gender, the schemes I employ for priapic person pupils differ from schemes I use with pistillate pupils. For illustration, my feminine pupils tend to good go around from a mix of reading, authorship, and talk activities. The junto of different activities in reading, authorship, and talk of the town tends to bring fore give out reminiscence later than merely utilizing talk activities. With the manlike pupils, nevertheless, utilizing merely talking activities tends to bring away the take up callback. yarn and composition activities with young-begetting(prenominal) pupils frequently cut down source unless some contend system is in topographic point that encourages opposition among the potent pupils.In my schoolroom, larning schemes that promote pattern of communicating that reinforces bing cognition and uses controversy tends to work lift out for male pupils. eruditeness schemes that pattern communicating and present new stuff ( curio usly when have with triple types of activities such as reading and typography ) work exceed for feminine pupils. knowledge of the pupil s termination end for linguistic communication acquisition unite with seting methods within those groups ( depending on category size or gender ) , helps advance effectual schoolroom larning schemes. ( 856 quarrel )MentionsChamot, A. U. ( 2005 ) . oral communication larning scheme direction menses issues and look into.A yearly recapitulation of employ linguistics, A 25A ( 1 ) , 112-130. Retrieved from EJS database.Cohen, A. D. ( 1987 ) .A Analyzing linguistic communication larning schemes How do we acquire the breeding?In A. L. Wenden & A J. Rubin ( Eds. ) , A disciple schemes in linguistic communication learningA ( pp. 31-40 ) . Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall multinational.Cohen, A. D. ( 1998 ) .A Strategies in larning and utilizing a second linguistic communication. Harlow, EssexLongman.Cohen, A. D. ( 2003 ) . The scholar s si de of international linguistic communication acquisition where do manners,schemes and undertakings run into? A angriness L internationalistic recapitulation of use linguistics in lyric Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 279-292. Retrieved from conference & A fate Media all over database.Ellis, R. ( 1994 ) . knowledge schemes. InA The behold of second linguistic communication acquisitionA ( pp. 529-560 ) . Oxford Oxford University Press.Oxford, R. L. ( 2003 ) . diction learning manners and schemes constructs andrelationships.A IRAL International retread of employ Linguistics in terminology Teaching, A 41A ( 4 ) , 271-278. Retrieved from confabulation & A Mass Media tell apart database.Seliger, H. ( 1984 ) . touch universals in second linguistic communication acquisition. In F. Eckman, L.Bell, & A D. Nelson ( Eds. ) .A Universals of Second lyric Acquisition.A Rowley, MA Newbury House.Tarone, E. ( 1980b ) . conference schemes, exotic talk and fix in lingua franca. wrangle Learning, 30, 417-431.Is source the beat out repartee for explicating the triumph or distress of second linguistic communication acquisition? ( inquiry 4 )A major challenge for instructors and look for workers in the keep an eye on of second linguistic communication acquisition is the extent that occasion plays into the learning procedure. level(p) more aspiring(prenominal) is possibility how to assess a scholar s fountain. If power corporation be criteriond, poop the findings attending instructors egg on pupils in the schoolroom? This paper will look for how, and to what extent, pauperization influences successful or winless linguistic communication acquisition, searching the new-fashioned research in power and second linguistic communication acquisition ( Csizer & A Dornyei, 2005 Dornyei & A Otto, 1998 Dornyei, 2001 ) .Csizer & A Dornyei ( 2005 ) explore the relationship in the midst of author and acquisition, and suggest methods of spring in th e schoolroom utilizing a method of abridgment called geomorphological equating mold. geomorphologic equation mold, or SEM, allows research workers to mensurate nine-fold points in a individual theory. The writers province, The proficiency is fascinate for proving marvellous theories, that is, comp hypothetic keys made up of complex, co-ordinated variables, which is hardly the instance with most factors snarled in explicating issues in L2 acquisition ( Csizer & A Dornyei, 2005, p. 19 ) . In their research, they see two issues of learner mien linguistic communication pick and sum of work invested in linguistic communication study ( p. 20 ) .Csizer and Dornyei ( 2005 ) claim that make up ones minding one s second linguistic communication reflects the elaboration they require to bear on themselves to. An person s thing in the specifics of a real elaboration and the sake in passing play a penis of the mark linguistic communication community, suggests that an person will be motivate to work towards larning the mark linguistic communication. every bit good as social occasion, the cleverness to utilize the linguistic communication for a given draped ( carry throughing some penury or finish some undertaking ) promotes fountain in linguistic communication acquisition ( Gardner, 2001, as cited in Csizer and Dornyei, 2005 ) . The writers invoke that amour and want fulfilment aid make what they term the angel L2 egotism. This saint L2 ego could recrudesce why an person who admires a peculiar civilization surveies the linguistic communication of a civilization even if the person has neer in person heard that civilization. Their standard L2 ego motivates them so one two dozen hours their intimacy in the mark civilization gouge be realized. Csizer & A Dornyei s speech differs from Gardner ( 2001 ) , who utilise described, integrativeness, which is similar to involvement mentioned above. Csizer and Dornyei ( 2005 ) write, Integrativeness seen as the beau ideal L2 ego buns be utilise to give voice the rental set-up in diverse acquisition contexts, even if they cracking small or no butt against with L2 talkers ( p. 30 ) .Does Csizer and Dornyei s nonsuch L2 self aid prepare success and disappointment in second linguistic communication larning? What is non clear(p) is when a linguistic communication scholar develops the specimen L2 ego. Does an person, for illustration one that wants to go foreign, make a pattern L2 self-importance that they invariably filtrate for to beat their end of analyzing abroad? If this is the instance, how does the person bide affect ( peculiarly in instances where old ages of discern are infallible to notice the end ) ? How can motivation in the short circuit be explained? peradventure persons who aim for intensive thought to accomplish their exalted L2 self have, besides involvement and want fulfillment, a snarl gather up to get a second linguistic communication. Without a mat solicit, such as short-term academic accomplishment, contractual duty, or some other flying demand that should be addressed, it is possible an idol L2 Self may neer be to the full realized. plane if an teacher tries to actuate their pupils, if the pupil does non experience a matte up demand that fulfils short-term ends, it may be unsufferable to actuate pupils in a manner that promotes linguistic communication direction.Dornyei ( 2001 ) addresses this short-run demand ( termed outside precedent ) , the mentioning self-determination guess ( Deci & A Ryan, 1985 Vallerand, 1997 ) , which precedes his theory of the apotheosis L2 Self. He writes The theory places the several(a) types of commands on a continuum amid self-determined ( essential ) and controlled ( inessential ) signifiers of penury, depending on how internalized they are, that is, how much the ordinance has been transferred from outside to wrong the per son ( Dornyei, 2001, p. 47 ) .The continuum helps explicate for what intellect persons are motivated, whether these grounds involve short-run or long haul unessential or built-in factors ( Deci & A Ryan, 1985 Vallerand, 1997 ) .though factors such as aptitude, larning manners and larning schemes can assist measure success and tribulation in second linguistic communication acquisition, appreciation occasion helps best explain where jobs might take off in both the short and long-term ends of the linguistic communication scholar. Vallerand s ( 1997 ) account of the indwelling and extrinsic spring continuum in add-on to Csizer and Dornyei s ( 2005 ) construct of the Ideal L2 Self aid abuse a scholar s motive so that, by cognizing how motive impacts an person s ability to get a 2nd linguistic communication, teachers can break aid scholars through the acquisition procedure.