Anton chekhov critic research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anton chekhov critic - Research Paper ExampleHis is rather the cynical chuckle of a grown-up observance a child assume grimaces of deep earnestness and self-importance. This is a unique type of mentality that Chekhov captured masterfully in his early career and it is nice to see it appreciated by critics.This opinion of Chekhov is primary(prenominal) because it shows that he did not take biography too importantly. Many authors become overly serious about(predicate) their craft and are unable to look at themselves objectively. This can completely ruin people, as at a metre you begin taking yourself too seriously you lose your edge. In his earlier stories, Fagin claims that Chekhov had a much repair sense of humour and did not take himself too seriously. This made these easier stories much more enjoyable to read, as his earlier stories the laughable, and it is a more or less cheerful laugh, with little of the serious behind it (Fagin).As Chekhovs career carried on, however, Fag in noticed that he began to look at life differently and his stories suffered as a result. This is unfortunate, but it is probably a direct result of his upbringing in Russia and the social landscape during that time period. Fagin writes, But as the stories grow more in volume, the undercurrent of gloom and a stifled emit of pain become more and more audible, until, in the later volumes, his laugh quite eloquently notify the ominous combination of submission to Fate and Mephistophelian despair. This shows that there was a fair amount of gloom in his life, as he did not know what the future would hold, but he did not believe that it would be positive for him and his country.No one knows for sure why Chekhovs style of paper changed, but is very likely that the usurpation of the Russian political system had a major impact on it. This political system is though to be very dreary and to take a abundant deal of hope away from people, so it is possible that Chekhov essentially lost h ope in life and that his writing shows this. No matter what the reason for

Property law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Property law - Essay Exampleie Plc and pit at that place would be both privity of contract1 and privity of res publica2 between Leslie Plc and Target as they were the original lessor and lessee. By the action of Target charge the lease to Ace the race between Leslie and Ace would only be on the basis of privity of ground as there is no contractual relationship between them. Similarly by Leslie selling the lieu to auction pitch there would be no privity of contract between Rake and Target or Rake and Ace3, only a privity of domain4. The further subletting of the lease by Ace to Simon creates neither privity of estate of privity of contract as there was no agreement with Rake to sublet the property. If Rake had agreed to the sublet then a privity of estate would have been created and Rake could enforce the repair covenant against Simon5.The differences that apply chthonian privity of contract and privity of estate will affect the ability of Rake to enforce the covenant. Under a privity of contract all covenants bind6 whereas under privity of estate7 only the covenants which are regarded as typically part of the landlord and tenant relationship will be bound8. Privity of estate only affects the benefit and burden on the assignee and the landlord in respect of covenants that touch and concern the land9.Having established the relationship of the parties it is necessary to look as to whether the burden and benefit of the covenants can pass with the assignments. Looking first at the position of pre 1996 leases the general rule was that the original tenant could not pass the burden to the assignee. If the lease began preceding to 1996 then the assignment of the tenancy would not absolve Target from the liability10 in accordance with the contract11. This would mean that Target would be bound by the covenants throughout the duration of the lease even though his interest has been assigned12. Covenants in leases are deemed to be made on behalf of the covenantor and his successors in title unless a contrary

Extreme body piercing (or modification) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extreme body knifelike (or modification) - Essay ExampleIt was believed that the pharaohs of Egypt were the only integrity who could pierce their naval and anyone else doing so was punished by death penalty. In the Roman Empire, soldiers and other mint got their tits perforated to show their loyalty towards their king. Julius Caesar also wore nipple ring to show his prowess and his alliance with his soldiers. The nipple ring was a strong link which united the roman soldiers. It was also considered a macho narrow signifying vigour and potency.The African and some south Asian tribes have very bizarre traditions and rituals of piercing objects in their body parts as part of their religious ceremonies. Extreme body piercing has often been do by as an expression of penitence in many religious practices of African and South American tribes. glossa piercing was practiced as an appeasement to God so that His blessings could be obtained for their tribes and general welfare. In antiqu e Aztecs Aztec and Maya were known for their skills as great warriors and they indulged in septum piercing so that they seemed more ferocious to their enemies (internet).In the new-made sixties, piercing became popular in the west when the hippies started piercing their nose, ears and naval and adorning them with jewelleries. Later the members of gay communities pierced their one ear and started wearing earrings as a way of declaring their internal preference. This was followed by punk cultures of the seventies for whom piercing their body parts and wearing jewellery was seen as a sign of rebellion. The punks took the body piercing from the conventional to the extreme by piercing their tongues, cheeks and other body parts. Today, piercing of body parts has befit a popular way of flaunting not only their bodies but their intent of purpose of declaring their bizarre sexual preferences and profound body experiences bordering on obsession.Body

The Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Declaration of Independence - turn up ExampleRegaining the rights as Britishers which were taken from the colonists by the Imperial power of England was not the objective shadower the declaration of United States as an independent demesne. The document pertinently indicates to this fact. The vision of a new nation that would thrive on the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity inspired the true independence of United States from the colonial administration and this seed of American Dream which was sown in the formative years of the nation building unfeignedly inspired the author.With the spreading of education, came The Age of Enlightenment. Philosophers like Locke and Hobbs started challenging the concept for the divinity of Kings and his monarchy. Their thought process enabled the stack to realize that it is the duty of the ruler to look after the subjects and not that the subjects exist with the purpose of serving their monarch. These philosophers had a great inf luence on the fathers of the United States like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. But the greatest influenced soulfulness was Thomas Paine. These philosophies inspired the framers of the Declaration of Independence to free them from the regime of Great Britain and stopped their pursuit of scarce regaining their British status as

Langauge structure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Langauge structure - Assignment ExampleArabski (1979 pp.135-143) says that making errors is part of the serve up of acquiring a phrase and is mostly influenced by transference and simplification. position and Arabic languages atomic number 18 different in many an(prenominal) ways and as expected Arab speakers encounter many phonological, morphological and semantic problems when learning side. Arabic speakers do not recognize how to use adjectives in sentences. This is because in Arabic adjectives come after the noun whereas in English adjectives come before the noun. Most Arabic speaks erroneously transfer their knowledge of adjectives during the course of learning English (Cruse 1986 pp.40). This paper will discuss how Arab speakers struggle using adjectives while giving specific learner errors. The intelligence will focus on slightly published language teaching material and it will analyze, discriminate and evaluate these errors. Project Description Theoretical Framework St udying errors assist language learners make is a field that has created a buzz among linguists. Several theories have been advanced, and one such theory is the ill-sorted compend This is a process that explains the comparative aspects of the Mother tongue (MT) and the Target Language (TL). James (1998) provides examples for instance harmonical clusters, tense and comparison of the form and meaning of the two languages. This according to Fries (1945) is supposed to determine the oddities that vector sum to interference and error. The reason being a second language learner may find some aspects of the target language easy to learn and others hard. The assumption second language learners make is that it will be easy to learn those aspects that are similar to their native language and very difficult to learn those aspects that are different from their native language. Contrastive Analysis has been conducted on many languages. Khuwaileh and Al Shoumali (2000) studied the writing of Arabic learners of academic English. He was focusing the frequent errors on coherence tense errors, lack of cohesion and separate of speech errors. The study compared the Arabic language and English. Bataineh (2005) investigated the problems Arab learners of language and translators encounter when translating Arabic sentences. The focus was on articles. Contrastive Analysis has faced some criticism and thus other theories emerged to fill the gap. The theory advocating for the existence of a psychological structure latent in the brain brought in the idea of Interlanguage (IL) seen in the process of learning a second language. Selinker (1972 pp.209-231) claimed that second language learners created some interim grammars in trying to attain the target language but this vocabulary changes depending on the task of extraction and the context. IL is influenced by transference of training, Language transfer, Strategies of second language communication, Overgeneralization and Strategies of second language learning. As it is impossible to acquire a second language without making errors, many linguists have invested time and resources in analyzing errors and why they occur. There are some(prenominal) reasons for studying errors. According to Corder (1975 pp.122-154) errors can tell a linguist how much a second language learner has acquired and what other aspects of the language require to be emphasized. Also as, James (1980) put it, errors are in addition markers of how the process of acquiring a second

Work Place Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

discipline Place Culture - Essay ExampleIn conclusion, Nigeria, China and Brazil have antithetical ethnic practices that are shaped by their existent environments. For instance, the Chinese culture of social networks is shaped by their living behavior whereby they value friendship and family values. On this note, the identified opportunities and challenges in the cultural practice of workers in these countries accommodate with that of the company. Based on these facts, in order to be successful in investment in countries such(prenominal) as Nigeria, China, as well as Brazil, there is a need for the organization to form a task force that will investigate deeply these cultural values, and thereafter find a radical on how to integrate these cultural values, so that they may conform with the work culture of the organization. It is important to permit an explanation that the management should not thrive to change these culture because it would fail. This is because most people ar e continuously resistant to change. A good example of a business initiative that failed because of failure to integrate different cultures into an organization is the merger between Daimler and Chrysler. In this merger, Daimler, a German company acquired Chrysler an American company. To prevent this scenario from happening, there is a need of the company to try and change its organizational culture, to reflect the working cultures of the country it is investing in, and without compromising the core values of the company, which includes hard work, and production of high-quality services.

Effect of cold stress on photosynthesis in barley Essay

Effect of cold stress on photo subtraction in barleycorn - Essay ExampleConsequently, it may be referred to as the process by which light energy is reborn into chemical energy and stored in sugar bonds in yard plants. Basic photosynthetic knowledge notes that green plants breath in ampere-second dioxide during the day and combines the said molecules to those of water molecules especially hydrogen in the synthesis of nutrients. Consequently, in green plants, photosynthesis involves the use of the chlorophyll green pigment that is found in the leaves or stems of such(prenominal) plants. As resultant by-product for the photosynthesis process is usually oxygen. In this context, plants are usually termed as crucial purifiers of air. However, since photosynthesis is a process that takes place in the presence of sunlight, it does not occur during the night (Eaton-Rye, Baishnab & Thomas 66). As such, plants take in oxygen during the night and release carbon dioxide. As a topic, the study of photosynthesis is curiously of interest to farmers and scientists. Factors that may affect the prescribe of photosynthesis Basically, there are three main factors that are cognise to have an effect on the rate of photosynthesis. They include i. Light intensity ii. Carbon dioxide iii. Temperature In this discussion, I will illustrate how each affects the rate of photosynthesis. i. ... From this graph, it is evident that there is a significant accession in rate of photosynthesis between point A and B. however, after point B, the rate begins to even up and later becomes unending up to point C. Within these two points (B and C), there is no effect on photosynthesis rate withal with an increase in the intensity of light. Consequently, too much light intensity may damage the chloroplast of leaves hence, the strategic arrangement of leaves in a plant without any overlaps (Kalman 25). ii. Carbon dioxide The rate of photosynthesis linearly increases with an increase in the concent ration amount of carbon dioxide available to a plant. Scientifically, the earth is composed of a varying carbon dioxide amount of between 0.03% and 0.04%. Therefore, a high concentration of it will lead to higher photosynthetic rates. However, this increase is up to a particular point, from which it begins to decline and ultimately becomes constant. This is as shown in the graph below. In this graph, points A to B indicate an increase in rate of photosynthesis, while points B to C indicate the decline and constant level of the same. iii. Temperature With this factor, the higher the rate of temperature the greater will be the photosynthesis rate. Since photosynthesis is a chemical process, its rate will increase with higher temperatures as most of the other chemical process. However, the increase in temperatures beyond 400C, will lead to the rate of photosynthesis beginning to decline or slow down. The reason for this is that enzymes responsible for photosynthetic chemical process ar e sensitive to temperatures hence, destroyed at high/extreme temperatures levels. Consequently, it should be

Kants philosophy of universalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kants philosophy of worldwideisation - endeavor ExampleKants notion of comprehensiveisation refers to the moral law which inspires and teaches us how to consider it as the ultimate accuracy of the possibility of moral obligation, since it basenot be explained with reference to whatever object of the will, or in concord with any law of nature. What Kant believes is the significance of good will in universalism so that every someone act should be performed not as a duty, but as a moral deed in accordance with the universal moral law that the autonomous human being freely gives itself. One of the main reasons that rationalize Kants philosophy to treat and understand humanity as a rational agency allows an respective(prenominal) to maintain transparency by keeping his heart and soul clear from the malice. This musical mode an individual determine his or her morals and is able to perform his worldly duties with show up any obligation. Kant believe this as the only way to assure oneself of the necessary obligations involved in moral values which upholds a possibility for the individual to mesh under the pure concept of universality. This gives a sense of believe to the person that some particular execute can acquire the strict universality required to explain its unconditional necessity. Ethics provides opportunity to the individual to believe in virtue, that is what Kant believes that ethical universalism supports ethical reasoning that allows autonomous authority to every individual to clear the principles based on ethical values to lead a simple but effective life. (ONeill, 2005). in that location are reasons that help in justifying our inner selves, this way justification is done with reasoning, rather than solely maxims that yap our principles without reasoning.Checking our moral infermentsIn order to seek justification for holiness for every person in our society, in that location is a certain criteria reserved as the role model of moral law. This criteria serves by means of which we can check our inner moral judgements, that is, our judgements to must act or must not to act in certain ways. Now, how to assume or believe our judgement depends upon the maxim of the action what Kant has proposed. That is our right judgement can be perceived as a universal law without contradiction, and in order to provide reasoning to believe that our judgement is correct, we feel the need to judge in our inner self the state of being correct or incorrect in our moral decisions. If some liaison engenders wrong or one feels that some act cannot be perceived correct or moral, the beat indicator is the inner conscience. Since maxim is not that matters as it cannot be willed as a universal law, this gives us the reason to believe that this verdictive judgement is correct (Lake 20005).Morality close to universalismGood morals is all that matters, this example of Kant can be analysed by the notion that a person having good morals would not swerve what he or she should solely because his or her maxim can be willed as a universal law without contradiction. Secondly it is not necessary for that person to built maxims, as action speaks louder than words. Moral persons morality is motivated and universalised by his or her deeds, for this reason a morally good person does what he or she should tends to be identical with the normative reason to do such act. Morality provides reasons to believe, it allows our deeds to seek and get an answer whenever justification requires, and therefore it teaches us to give equal respect to the autonomy of everyone. Following this it turns out to consider only those actions that are obligatory on every individual and those which can be

MRP3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRP3 - Essay Example(ii) On the other hand, the fact those most male students often engage in Binge drinking leads to higher negative responses being expected. This leads to the findings that more male students wish well Binge drinking.Crego, A. et.at (2009). Binge SDrinking Affects Attentional and Visual Working Memory Processing in Young University Students. alcohol addiction Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 33(11), p. 1970 1879.Labrie, J. Pedersen, E. Tobyf, L. & Lane, B. (2006). Heads Up A Nested Intervention With FreshMen Male College Students and the Broader Campus Community to Promote Responsible Drinking. daybook of American College Health, Vol. 54(5), p. 301 304.*LaBrie, J. W et al. (2011). Protective behavioral strategies mediate the effect of drinking motives on alcohol drug abuse among heavy drinking college students Gender and race differences. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 36(4), p. 354 361.Felicia, D.S. Jack, D. Francis, D.K. & Mark, G.S. (2005). Binge Drin king and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students Implications for Prevention Policy, journal of American College Health, Vol.54 (3), p.137 -141Kristins, V. et al. (2004). Binge Drinking in Female College Students The Association of Physical Activity, Weight Concern and Depressive Symptoms. ledger of American College health, Vol.53 (3), p.133

Integration of Paperless System in Healthcare Administration Research Paper

Integration of Paperless System in Healthcare Administration - Research Paper ExampleThis physical compositions aim is to introduce the definition of a stemless environment, its meaning, requirements and components, advantages and benefits, specifically for the medical mounts and the healthcare administration. This paper will be focusing on these main topics of interest 1. induction to the paperless employment 2. Benefits of the paperless workplace A. Environment-friendly impact B. Communication versatility C. Security D. Productivity and effectivity 3. Components and requirements of a paperless workplace in the medical setting 4. Conclusion Introduction to the paperless workplace The idea of a paperless workplace has been around for kinda sometime, but its transition from being an idea to actually being implemented took quite some time. tally to obligesbase.com in their article A Brief History Time paperless Office , the idea of the paperless blank space was introduced in t he year of 1975 but the article also stated that it was not until 1993 that a major software keep company started to actually introduce the idea and housed tools in order to gain ground it doable in the workplace. In an article by ehow.com, called Definition of a Paperless Office, they described a paperless might as Instead of paper, the paperless office would use modern technology to accomplish all of the same goals. This agent that a paperless office would make it so that functions such as internal or external communication, memos and reminders, bulletins, notes and reports would all be done electronically. This means that there would be little to no paper used in such an office setting only when absolutely necessary. This type of situation has both benefits and adjustments that need to be made on the sort of both the business and the employees, which will be detailed in later parts of this paper. The thing to suppose is that this type of work environment presents many adva ntages for all types of workplaces, even healthcare environments. In a paper called Synthesis of Data from Alabama Board of Nursing they described that the healthcare industry still relies firmly on paper for documentation. This shows us how much the healthcare industry wastes on paper. The basics of the paperless office or workplaces are quite simple in concept. According to inc.com in their article How to switch to a paperless office, going paperless has lots of advantages, one of them being that the business could potentially save money. The article goes on to consecrate Anyone working in the office of a lawyer, accountant, or health care company can express you the paperless office is still for many elusive, buried under ever increasing stacks of paper. but it does provide steps to follow in order to help a business to go paperless. We must be aware that going paperless is not without cost, but we can think of that initial cost as an enthronisation that will eventually have a return. The next part of this paper will discuss the benefits of a paperless office and break them down into specific benefits and their effects on the healthcare setting. Benefits of the paperless workplace Before we looking at what benefits can be gained from converting to a paperless workplace, we must first look at how using paper as a main source of communication and documentation can affect a workplace negatively. Some people feel that new

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Environment - Assignment eccentricTo meet their objectives and sustain the shareholders, a business may raise the dividend amount so as to project satisfactory returns to this category of stakeholders. However, shareholders should not always expect huge returns there is always an extent beyond a company may not go, depending on the economical status and grocery store forces (Daphne, 2015, p.3).The objective of the organization as unrivaled of the stakeholders is to ensure the operations of a business are ethically carried out and that revenue enhancement policies are adhered to. To meet this objective, an organisation essential ensure that a business license is obtained before commencing its operations. It must observe regular and timely tax payment. However, high taxation may lead to a downslope of business (Daphne, 2015, p.5). Government must, therefore, consider market structure and make its taxation as flexible as possible.The objectives of customers are sometim es very challenging to meet due to their compounded nature. Customers have put higher expectations on the product price, quality, quantity, taste, branding, taste and other related aspects of a product. A business owes customers all these duties. Depending on the level of competition and product differentiation, an organisation may not meet the exact needs of customers one quality will always be missing. The very quality may be found in another product from a different organisation.Market structures are several interconnected factors that bind the seller, the buyers and the products. Normally, the lawsuit of market faced by a business firm will determine its decision on determine and level of output. It should be noted that a business is never free to set the prices of its products the pricing is always dependant of the preexisting forces in the market. It, thus, implies that the limit of profit is always a subject of the market structures (Ciliberto, 2009, p.180). The flexibility of a

Privacy Issue Problems for Emailing, AIM and MSN Essay

Privacy Issue Problems for E put uping, AIM and MSN - quiz ExampleThis resulted into people having second thoughts of joining or subscribing to such services to receive the services of the caller-out Google. However, when the issues were resolved, business was good for a while before things got out of hand again later, on when they released Google Plus. Google thrum is embedded into the e-mailing services provider that Google gives its engrossrs. It runs in Gmail emailing services program. Googles Buzz was not well designed as a result, there were many loopholes in its design (Choney 1). For instance, it allowed people to shargon almost everything. In addition to this, anybody who has sent you email dirty dog see anything you post using the service or mathematical product from Google. This happened only a couple of days after they had released the product and they had to act fast to minimize the injure that could have erupted if the problems were not fixed. There many diverge nt people eager and very interested in peoples online conversations, both voice, chat via IM, and in the emails. Providers of broadband services and those of IM services also are eavesdropping and peeking into their customers conversation. In other words, the seclusion problem as far as news bulletin Messaging is concerned is a major issue. Instant messaging is gaining popularity at a very amply rate as the best form of communication (Spring 1). Many home substance abusers like using the different tools of instant messaging but again, most of them are not aware of the screen issues associated with them. This results in situations that end embarrass people like having too much personal information on the internet that may land in the wrong hands and results to a lot of harm. As much as it is a popular mode of communication among home users, it is slowly gaining its way into the business sector. The companies may not capture it legal to use the processes and resources of the co mpany however, individual users are installing the instant messaging tools on to the machines they use at places work. Although, instant messaging is a good and convenient way to communicate, there are retirement issues that arise because of using these tools (Sans 1). However, not all Instant messaging solutions have the same level of privacy issues neither does all offer the same security or privacy. The main question as far as the IM and emails privacy issue is concerned is whether these services are able to protect users against eavesdropping. While emails cigarette only allow one user to be able to communicate with another and even several(prenominal) others people whether the recipient of the message is online or is not online, instant messaging is a little different. It can be used to communicate with people who mainly are online and connected to the internet. Emails can be hacked into, and the identity operator of the account holders can be compromised. In the process, va luable information can be stolen for malicious purposes. The mail sent or received is kept on the server just in case the user cannot access the ones on the web site of the company. The email can only be received when the email is retrieved from the mail server. The email can receive and include such things as links to URLs, shackle files centre. Instant messaging allows for real time communicators. Instant messaging is plagued by so many privacy issues. Some of the problems include the fact that these tools let the world

Edge Wave Formation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edge Wave Formation - Essay ExampleThey throne occur in a selection of different scales high-frequency wheels reverberate by the confrontation wind expands (Guza and Davis, 1974), oblige by incident wave groups (Schffer, 168) and very low-frequency waves of oceanographic level (Munk et al., 127-132). Edge waves may participate in an of the essence(p) role in coastal dynamics, as they are associated to the creation of split currents (Bowen and Inman, 5479-5490) or beach cusps (Guza and Inman, 1975). Recently, Ciriano et al. (2000) maintain made known that bump into waves may tempt resonant vibrations inside harbors with the view being assailable to the beach. (3680-3691) The occurrence of topographically trapped waves in promontory and estuaries has been studied tentatively by Stoker and Johnson (1991), whose consequences look into with field interpretation by Schwing (157-180).Edge wave system dates back to Stokes (1846) clarification for a wave trapped on a plane inclined beach. Eckart (1951 p.99) implemented the linear low water theory and demonstrated that Stokes answer symbolized only the first of other likely manners. Ursell (1952) achieved the exact results to the linearised edge problem. (79-97) Green (1986) summarized the consequence of the problem of an edge wave proliferated along a seawall.(119-125) Neu and Oh (1987) offered a method to solve the type of edge wave troubles where the near coast topography is characterized by a series of linearly unstable depth sections. (227-240) They wrote the score in terms of Kummers functions and regarded as two beach reports a regular beach slope end with a constant depth area and the case of an offshore piece. A conventional explanation in coastal engineering to stops the erosion of a beach or to have the power of the alongshore deposits exaltation is to assemble a groin upright to the coastline. This arrangement, built with gravel or as raised area, is leaky. In addition, some seashore has a berth vertical to the seashore in order to have entrance to deeper waters. In this paper, the circulation and conversion of an incident edge wave in the course of a pervious coastal formation will be investigated in a manner that be similar to the one dealt by Stoker and Johnson (1991). The edge wave difficulty has originated subsequent Neu and Ohs result. A beach outline with a perfect foreshore and a flat surface slope ending with a straight shelf with an upright permeable formation extending from the beach up to far offshore is measured. Because the distance across of the groins evaluated to the edge wave space is exceptionally small, usually less than 1/50, dissipation within the formation is primarily due to the unprovided for(predicate) narrowing and spreading out of the flow and depends generally on the Keulegan-Carpenter number distinct as UT/a, where U is a representative speed at the gaps, T is the wave period and a is a distinguishing dimension of the holes. For groins, UT/ a is a large number and consequently head loss so-and-so be adequately deliberated with a formula quadratic to the local speed (Mei et al., 217-239). As the edge wave disseminated through the coastal formation, part of its alongshore force is replicated, part is spreaded and part is degenerated on the formation. The replicated part obstructs with the arriving wave, creating up a

Age Discrimination in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Age Discrimination in the Workplace - Essay interpreterThus, the essay critically examines discrimination in the workplace and the application of the law of age discrimination base on specific cases.Federal and state laws protect workers against age discrimination for workers who are 40 old age and above. The Age Discrimination vocation Act protects workers above 40 years against unlawful treatment by the employers or fellow employees. The employer must have at least 20 employees. The employees are protected in all the stages, including retrenchment, recruitment, workplace conditions and terms, dismissal and return to work after illness (Thew, Eastman & Bourke, 2005).Consequently, the Age Discrimination Employment Act (AFDEA) is one of the acts that protect people against discrimination on the basis of age. The act prohibits the denial of benefits to the honest-to-goodness employees. The benefits given to the young employees should also be given to the aged. Additionally, the ac t prohibits mandatory retirement (Gregory, 2001). In 1993, to check out that they were no mandatory retirement, employees such as college professors phased the elimination of mandatory retirement. That means that they would leave their workplace at an age of their choice. While, at the workplace they are entitled to all the rights.Furthermore, a mandatory retirement form _or_ system of government was permitted to people who are 65 years and above. After retirement, they are entitled to a pension on a monthly basis. There is also a prohibition of age preference and limitations. When advertising for a job, companies should ensure that it is open to all ages not discriminating the aged by mentioning the exact age(Gregory, 2001). Companies should also not reduce the benefits of people in the workplace based on age. If the benefits are reduced, the younger employees should also carry out the same. The Age Discrimination Employment Act also prohibits discrimination in promotions, wages , layoffs, and termination of employment.Age

Business Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Organization - Essay ExampleThe choice of the agreement for my consultancy after considering all the supra factors is narrowed between Limited Liability Company and Limited Liability Partnership. To begin with my inclination is to start with LLP. I would discuss with all the busyed classmates draft an agreement specifying at least the following points habitual Partners- Those classmates of mine who shargon my vision of providing consultancy to Non Profit organizations to help the start up their activities, raise necessary funds, mental faculty them and set up their legal structure, marketing support etc. They would compliment me and we would divide work segments, for each one of us specializing in one or two areas so that there is no conflict of interest and the confederation flourishes as a result of team effort. They would also bring capital as concur before commencing the business. They would also be jointly and severally liable for any legal suits brought against the partnership.Limited Partners- They are my friends who have full confidence in my project and are willing to back me up by providing the necessary funds for starting and running the business venture. They have already committed the funds as asked by me. None of them is interested in day to day running of the organization but fluid would like to have a say in the general direction, internal matters like admission or expulsion of other partner, agreeing on terms of partnership, etc, so they would be throttle partners, their liability would be limited to their share in the partnership. General public would not be aware of their role in the partnership and well have to take care not to include their name in the name of the partnership or they will lose their limited privilege. As is obvious from the discussion above the funds needed for our organization would be financed mainly by the partners themselves in the form of their capital contribution. The general partners

Port strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Port strategy - Essay ExampleIn the socio-economic class 2005, UNESCAP and TTD (The Trans larboard and Tourism Division) comprised of almost 600 ports, globally. In the year 2002, GTO operated approximately 55% of total global port terminals (Rossignol, 2007). etymon (Rossignol, 2007). Since 2002, the larger port operator companies comprise of the larger market contribution and atomic number 18 increase at reasonable rate. In the year 2005, the GTOs share in port had increased to 58%. The capacity of goods in ports had risen by 11.3% which was calculated as 399 million TEU from 20042005. The high market share of GTO indicates the importance of port services globally. In 2006, it was found that GTO terminals possessed 81% of the largest cranes with more than 22 rows (Rossignol, 2007). Source (Rossignol, 2007). The above table shows the major port operator companies throughout the world in the year 2005. Strategies of major Port Operators The port operators had experienced tough d ynamic business environment. This increased the need of merger and scholarship of small terminal and establishment of new terminal system. As a consequence, many port operators had implement horizontal and vertical assimilation strategies. The motivating for merger and erudition strategies is to expand the business, market share, and economiesofscale and scratch the leading position. In the year 2009, HPH (Hutchison Port Holdings) was the market leader for port shipment and PSA (Port of capital of Singapore Authority) was in the second position with regard to total hectare. This highlights the aggressive growth related strategy for obtaining terminal. The acquisition takes place in the lower market that possesses strong growth... In past, many port operators had restructured their port and begun to move operations and proprietorship to the private sector. The critical part in restructuring is that the government must make authentic that the ports are managed effectively. It h as been seen that private corporations have stronger encouragement to control resources competently than public organisations. The reason is that private companies are greatly exposed in the competition and there is less vulnerability of political intrusion. The restructuring had helped PSA and HHLA to enlighten insight about how to achieve more competitive and efficient ports. It directly benefits the employees and the neighbouring countries. Port restructuring provides convincing heart to increase both political and monetary autonomies. There are three motives behind restructuring of ABP ports. The first motive is the limited competition and higher cost of port services. The second motive is to remain competitive with different European ports that had swiftly adjusted according to market condition and adopted advanced technology such as containerisation. The final motive is that under the control of government the ports access was confine i.e. it was unable to diversify into other profitable businesses. The restructuring helped to remove these limitations of ABP.

Educational Technology Essay Example for Free

reproductional Technology Es severalizeWith the passage of clock, the advances of technology are making their presence felt in all(prenominal) walk of life from space exploration to clean a room. The central though behind these expert advances is to harbour life more comfortable, efficient, and safe. As such technology is an integral part of daily terrene life. Newer forms of technology are organism introduced with improved rates of efficiency, safety, and comfort.In this regard, inclusion of technology in tuition has similarly become the hard norm of the inaugurate educational system of such a rural as the United States of America with the same focus as quoted above. Henceforth, all important areas of educational exploitation acquire been hinged with the inclusion of technology. One such area of focus today, with regard to the inclusion of technology in education, is the educational ascendment of the modify and another(prenominal) disadvantage students enhanced learn.The present paper insures in peak the inclusion of technology in education with relation to the learning of disabled and disadvantaged students. The paper starting time of all questiones the present literature on the present declare of educational technology and disabled learners furthermore, the present paper itemally examines studies conducted in the same area to investigate the legitimacy on educational technology inclusion to teach the disabled students, say, English language, and see what difference the technology inclusion makes upon the learning of the students. books ReviewIn the past several decades, changing perspectives on the use of technology inclusion in education for the disabled students has cause the curricular guidance to undergo changes that are signifi outhouset on their own. It was in the time of the 1970s and the 1980s that parents and teachers came to realize the vision that graduating students with disabilities could now go on living and working in the general community environment with some support that differed according to individual. This vision, then, bypassed the shelters of workshops, centers for day treatment, and other massive settings for residential purposes which were indispensable for the previous students. This revolutionary vision then gave birth to the development of curricula that were relevant to students functioning to casual life (Davern, et.al, 2001).In addition to the above, the Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 1997) also paved the way for the educators to ol faction for technology inclusion that can boost up learning in the disabled students hence the effrontery of this act is thatA free and appropriate public education will be provided for all children with limited needs. IDEA 97 emphasizes the participation of students with disabilities in the general curriculum and requires that Individualized Education Program (IEP) teams make many decisions that support and encourage student performance in the general curriculum and general education classroom (Robinson, et.al, 2002).However, when it comes to the participation of the disabled students in the learning of more complex cognitive content (say variant comprehension or learning vocabulary, and so on) with the mainstream education, with their peers, it is seen as an obstacle that these students show a difference of learning from their peers. Hence there are various involvements made by researchers. These interventions focus on overcoming these differences among the two types of learners. Curriculum-based discernment, Direct instruction curriculum design, and learning strategies Deshier are some of them (Carnine, 1989).Today, as such, technology is immediate becoming the norm of the area of educating the learners with disabilities. The times of the twenty first century has given rapid stick up to technology integration in education. Henceforward, as Dr. Frank B. Withrow, Director of Development Able Company capital letter D.C. (2000) nones that Technology predictions for the 21st century include sensory prosthetic devices for disabled people. This may be unmatchable of the most significant factors in providing all children an equal and appropriate education. He further points out that cochlear implants are already providing many hard of hearing youngsters with functional hearing. Moreover, Speech synthesizers give voice to soften individuals. New developments in microelectronic lenses may enable a large number of visually disabled people to read printed books (Frank, 2000)However, it is another thing to investigate the integration of technology and its feasibility with the production strong point of technology with regard to the learning rate of the students with disabilities. In the later part of the paper I would examine the role of technology in relation to this very theme. I would discuss the role of the educational bundle for the specific education.Educational Software and Special StudentsToday, like all other areas of education, special education is also influenced by the introduction of newer and newer packet that provide the educators the opportunities to better teach the disabled students so that their learning can be worth it. Since commercial parcel for education usually shapes the center of instruction which is technology-based in special education (also for general classroom education), there is a very rapid race among the educational government activity to obtain the most effective and result-oriented package product. However, with the advances made in this area, there are certain concerns raised by the educators and researchers about the feasibility of these packet packages with regard to effective learning among the disabled students.In this connection, the most mutual practice found among the educators is that they rely on experts in commercial businesses to produce quality educational software for classroom use, with the assumption that the software has been designed to meet the unique learning needs of the population of students for whom it is targeted (Boone, et.al, 2000). In other words, the consumers of the software assume that the software was properly designed and developed with a population being the focus of that software, for example, students with disabilities, junior school students, students learning English as a second language, and so forth. The give the sack result that these consumers anticipate from the software obtained, as such, is that it will help them improve the learning capabilities of their students in our courting students with learning disabilities and disadvantaged students.On the contrary, Boone et al. (p. 109, 2000) observe that though many of the software developers are aware of the fact that consulting educational experts and researchers is way important in order to develop a result-oriented, population-targeted software, some companies still develop software without taking into account education factors that may affect learning (Boone, et.al, 2000).They point out trine major areas regarding such software development for the disabled students, which were major concerns of the educators1) The developed software did not clear a theoretical base for its formation2) There is an overemphasis on such technical aspects of the software as high graphic designs and audio add-ons and3) The software development manifested an improper approach toward educational concerns.With these three major concerns, Boone et al. (2000) also list three major areas investigated in a Delphi research study which, according to educators, the educational software for the disabled students was proved to be lacking. These areas are1) The investigation revealed that software lacked an incorporation or linkup of higher-level of thinking2) The software also lacked a grounding in the educational research and pedagogical investigation of the related teaching content to the disabled st udents3) The last major area of lacking of the educational software for the disabled students was that the software lacked the inclusion of a number of different level skills which can be used to effectively meet an individuals specific needs.Therefore, Forcier, 1999 (as cited in Boone et al. p. 01, 2000) notes that because of these so complex issues with regard to the educational software, it seems unclear as to which degree such educational improvisation is actually meeting the needs of the educators/teachers and their students. (Boone, et.al, 2000) military rank of SoftwareBoone et al. (2000) point out the importance of the educational for the disabled students so that their feasibility can be put to a check. For the evaluation of an educational software, the authors state that many of the educational software developers and publishers are not providing enough information to the educators. This is a practical problem for the educators who opt for a specific software weapons plat form available in the market suiting the needs of their educational context however (Boone, et.al, 2000)Educators often gamble that software they have purchased is not adaptable, does not teach what it purports to teach, or does not support what is occurring in the classroom. For these reasons, educators must(prenominal) independently evaluate software by taking into consideration the following. (Boone, et.al, 2000)1) The educators must look for the softwares intended use by monitoring the help that the software lends to achieve their objectives2) Content which accompanies the software must be scrutinized it is also seen whether or not the software has a teachers accompaniment for implementation3) the instructional presentation and whether the software meets the principles of universal design (i.e., multiple representations of content, multiple means of air and control, and multiple forms of engagement) (Boone, et.al, 2000)4) they should also go for software that is drug user-f riendly that is easy to use both by the teacher(s) and students5) the software should also provide considerable amount of documents and other support6) The software should also contain user inputs.With these areas in mind, the authors further come up with the evaluation criteria of the two kinds of evaluation of the software formative and summational evaluation through the use of the software to make sure of its compatibility with the learning of the disabled students. I discuss both these steps of the evaluations separately so that a thorough understanding of the issue can be grasped.Formative Evaluation and Learning Software for Disabled StudentsTo evaluate the efficiency of software for students with disabilities Boone et al (2000) state that the first and the foremost focus of the educators should be to take into account an area of the students learning and/ or other aspects of their life this are can be the learning characteristics of those students or their learning goals or it can be the area of their social skills and goals, and so on.After this specification, the educators should put the software to test on a across-student level, that is to saySoftware evaluation by students should involve a high-achieving student, a middle-achieving student, and a low-achieving student who all have a particular disability. This allows the educator to determine the softwares usability across students with a particular disability and, beforehand, to identify specific areas in the software with which particular students may need help (Boone, et.al, 2000).They also give a precaution to the educators that they should not count on the opinions of the parents of the students because it is possible that some software is not efficient to adults however, the same is greatly enjoyed by the students.

Global Sourcing Challenge Case Questions Essay Example for Free

Global Sourcing Challenge Case Questions Essay1. Marianna Barner should decline the invitation for IKEA to nonplus a representative appear on the upcoming forecast of the German video program. The producers of the documentary invited them to live with part in a live discussion during the airing, and while this offer does sound beneficial for IKEA to coach the public and the producers of the current efforts taken to fight child labor, it would not be in their best interest. This is attributed to the fact that the producers refuse to let IKEA preview the video beforehand and that they are aware that the producers planned to take a confrontational and aggressive approach directly aimed at them. As a result, there is a real high possibility that the representative would thus be blindsided with questions and then IKEAs message of their efforts would not be portrayed accurately. Instead, IKEA should respond to the allegations by releasing their own statement allowing them to exp lain their efforts once they have had the probability to review all evidence and verify the credibility.2. In regards to the supply contract that IKEA has with Rangan Exports, it would be best if Barner terminates the contract, should commensurate evidence prove that they do indeed use child labor. They stress the importance of taking tariff for their suppliers, and in the IWAY (IKEA Code of Conduct), it clearly states that they do not accept Child Labourm, otherwise their contract volition be terminated. The well-regarded company (Rangan) had signed an addendum that explicitly forbids the use of child labor, so it is important that IKEA upholds their standards and codes in order to maintain a fair position with their other suppliers. It would also be wise for her to then issue a statement or press release about the severed ties with the company, stating the reasons for the decision and maintaining lawfulness by upholding their own policies regarding child labor, so that the pu blic and other suppliers see that they wont rest unethical behavior or violations to their contract.3. It is suggested that IKEA stays in India and continue operations. The long-term strategy that Barner should take regarding move operations includes maintaining their code of conduct to uphold their image of being responsible for their suppliers and the environment, while also modify to an improved quality of life for those in India.

Without Seeing The Dawn Essay Example for Free

Without sightedness The Dawn EssayBabies are born with an inherent drive to learn. Your challenge as the parent of a electric shaver with learning or precaution problems is to help him build what Drs. Robert Brooks and Sam Goldstein (Raising Resilient sisterren gentility Strength, Hope, and Optimism in Your Child) call islands of competence, to offset the frustrations and measly self-esteem that tooshie result from his learning struggles. The goal is to regard upshots or activities where he is self- actuate to learn, enjoys the process of learning, and collects the value of what he learns. Deborah Stipek, Ph.D, Dean of the Stanford University School of Education, is an expert in the subject of motivation in young electric razorren. Shes also a mother, so her latest book, Motivated Minds/Raising Children to lie with Learning, is full of practical advice. Dr. Stipek says kids will be self-motivated to learn when they disembodied spirit competent about more or lessthi ngHave some choice and control over their learningBelieve that intelligence isnt fixed at birthFeel honord and respected by their parentsHelp Your Child Discover His PassionsHelp Your Child Discover His Passions angiotensin converting enzyme demeanor to build a signified of competence in your child is to encourage his passions. Theres an academic issue to building competence this way. Dr. Stipek says, The good news may seem paradoxical research has sh confess that the indirect scheme of helping your child enjoy learning and see its value is the best way to improve your childs grades and ascending his test scores. If your child has a calveicular strength in school, such as being a math whiz, find slipway outside of school to expose him to math in the real mankind computers, hands-on science m subprogramums, and math camps. If he struggles with most school subjects, look elsewhere for his passions. Pay attention to whatever makes your child perk up. Is it animals? Plants? Mus ic? Art? Dinosaurs? Video games? Skateboards? To play on these passions, help your child deepen his knowledge. For example, if your Internet provider allows you space for a family website, allow the child help build unrivalled on his favorite subject. He could research and write about the foremost skateboard athletes in the world. military post his drawings of himself skateboarding the galaxy. Listunanswered questions about skateboards. Let family and friends interact with the website, too what else would they like to know from your in-house skateboard expert? Give Your Child Some ChoicesAll of us thrive when we feel were acting of our own volition. Children with learning and attention difficulties are no different. For example, when we offer them a choice between two agreeable alternatives, such as doing either their math or social studies home bring first, they feel a aesthesis of control over their own world. This leads to greater pride and self-motivation. Dr. Mel Levine, author of the set of tapes called Developing Minds, says, Help children break down a sense of control by presenting things they do not want to do as choices. For example, let a child decide whether to do homework before or after dinner. At school, conceive letting a child who dislikes chorus participate in the spring performance by sell tickets. Help Your Child Develop PersistenceDr. Stipek reports on experiments that reveal a childs beliefs about intelligence yarn-dye his motivation to succeed. If he believes intelligence is fixed at birth and he missed out, he is nonresistant to quit without trying. If, on the other hand, you help him to understand that persistence is more important than the luck of the draw, you put forward a child who can learn to succeed on his own terms. This is the essay child who changes from saying, Whats the use? to Ive learned how to slow down and double-check my work. Dr. Stipek says, Emphasize notions of flexible intelligence. Tell your child, in every way you can, that brainpower is something you acquire. Make the following sayings (or their age-appropriate equivalents) your family mantras Success is 1% inspiration, 99% perspiration.Geniuses are made, not born.Let Your Child Know You Love and regard HimEvery child needs to feel that his parents are on his side. You can demonstrate your love and respect for your child with learning problems by accepting, connecting, and supporting, no function what. You still love him, even when he forgets his assignment. Youre interested in the details of each day. And when hes upset, you help him to give words to feelings.Respect your child by helping him understand not only his specific learning difficulties, but strategies for grapple in school. For example, if your child cannot hold multiplication facts in long-term memory, he may not do well on a standardized math test. He needs both a dodge to practice his math skills and a strategy to take the test. He may need different ways to d rill multiplication, such as tactile manipulation of objects, drawing pictures, or saying the tables out loud. He may also need more time on the test. Help Your Child Identify go to SuccessOur culture reveres inborn talent and luck. Unfortunately, that can leave out the child who struggles in school. He begins to believe that no matter how hard he works, school success is outside of his control. If you help him come out small, concrete steps to reach his learning goals, you can recognize each accomplishment along the way, nor matter how big or small. Then the effort of learning is valued as much as the outcome in school. Help your child learn to set attainable learning goals, such as analyse a math concept from a variety of angles until he understands it. This might mean that you must be content with something like a C grade in Math but an A+ in Effort. It will be important to communicate regularly with your childs teacher so all of you (parents, teacher, and child) can work as a united team. With the teachers help and ideas, your childs learning goals will be supported both at school and at home. You also want your child to learn that making mistakes is a natural part of the process of learning. Thomas Edison, said to have tried 10,000 times to perfect the light bulb, said, I didnt fail. I just discovered another way not to invent the electric light bulb. Foster long-run MotivationResearch tells us that parents who encourage a childs self-sufficiency often have children who are motivated from the inside, out. This means holding back a little before you jump in to help your struggling child. Children with learning disabilities are especially vulnerable to developing perceptions of themselves as academically incompetent and to develop low expectations for success, Dr. Stipek says In an effort to ensure success we sometimes provide more help than children with learning problems or AD/HD actually need. This takes forth from their own pride in accomplishmen t andthe enthusiasm that a sense of achievement and competence can produce. Children with learning difficulties often have a marvelous ability to see the world in new ways. When you guide your child to pursue his interests, operate from his strengths, and not shy away from challenges, you help him build a positive cycle of accomplishment and self-motivation. Celebrate each hard-won stumbling step your child takes on the way to learning and developing strengths, so that in the long run, he can proceed his motivation and passion for learning.

Practices prevent the abuse of school funds Essay Example for Free

Practices prevent the laugh at of schooling funds EssayThe education of students and the welfare stain of the staff are paramount issues in addressing school finance. The nature of the education cadre in heightser(prenominal) schools is an eventful p artistry of the formal education of the young child who has in between the childhood and childish stages of human development. It is therefore important for he principal sum teacher who is saddled with the responsibility of promoting education deep down the school to commit the available resources to the right channels to achieve the intended results of stem development and supply of facilities to ensure continuity of education in the school. Some of the Infrastructure development- that needs be upheld include library, art and technical studios, computer rooms, music room environmental sanitation, provision of teaching and learning aids, game sharpen and kits, award ceremony for staff and students In this age and time, it is needful to realize that education is a complaisant and sparing skilful this implies that it is an avenue to build viable human capital which would contribute to , national economic wealth and health alongside the effective utilization of material, capital and natural resources deep down the environment.This economic good also contributes to individual health by establishing an individual as a positive force in spite of appearance the community where he resides. Although education does not preclude evil but its positive impact seemingly outweighs its negatives. This issue is important because it informs the decision of the principal of head teacher of the high school about the juridical use of the funds available to him from various sources. What are these sources of funds to the high school?These include the national parceling to public schools, the state allocation to schools within the jurisdiction. These two forms the socio-political source of funds, while there is th e topical anaesthetic source from payments by the attending students. Besides, there could also be internally generated funds from projects, programs and economic activities okay for and/or by the school. Realizing the economic good in education and the source of funding of schools are important tools that can contribute to stemming abuse of funds in schools especially high schools.While it is illegal to persecute funds for own(prenominal) goals, aspirations like acquisition of political power or savings towards retirement, it is necessary for head teachers to realize the role of education in the growth and development of the adolescent child that attend high schools. If they realize the import this can have on the morals and cordial development of these kids, the propensity to malversate schools funds would diminish in our schools.One of the practices that prevent abuse of funds includes fiscal accountability. Realizing that for every allocation by the government or payment by the attending students would be accounted for contribute to stopping the abuse of funds. This fiscal accountability is achieved by bring in fund though the means of tax taxation and expenditure track, observe of accounting transactions and auditing. As part of this measure, auditing is an inevitable tool it includes internal and external audit.While the agent uses local staff, the latter adopts using the appropriate institutions within the society which can rarely be influenced the caprices of a local head of high school. In any situation there is inconsistency in the tracking of the funds, which orients that there is need for more scrutiny of such heads. If this auditing can be effectively carried out at all levels of education especially at high schools, it would drastically change the shape of funding and expenditure within schools by their principals.Another equally important tool is Budgeting this includes organizing financial transactions, balancing them through stipul ated revenue and expenditure plan with a view to meeting staff needs, fund student activities and attain social and local goals. Organizations can incremental, use of school site, outcome-focused or tailored towards program planning. Balancing includes planning revenue and expenditure in such a way as to achieve a balance, deficit or surplus. The aim of reckoning is basically to draw a financial plan to meet specific needs.This gives rooms for identifying challenges and tackling them within the limit of available resources. A comprehensive budget would meet staffing needs which covers recruitment and selection, compensation, and continuous preparedness and retraining on advancements in technological and teaching practices. It would also make provisions for students activities and embark of appropriate programs that can meet school and district missions. There would also be allocations for infrastructure development to cover construction works, architectural lay-out and provision o f necessary education facilities.Such a budget would encompass all areas that need improvement within the school when these goals are outlined and there is institutional will to meet them, it would be difficult to abuse funds. Usually available funds may not even be sufficient to meet needs driving fund-raising and capital programs for increased revenue generation. When conception is not known, abuse is inevitable. This is the essence of the budget. Realizing the importance of good governance with respect to financial prudence on the morals of staff and students makes a leader a judicious custodian of available financial resources. monetary accountability through auditing by internal and external outfits dampens the propensity to divert school funds towards personal goals. Since knowledge does not preclude this evil, strict disciplinary measure meted to offenders who are convicted of this white collar execration is another practice that militates against abuse of school funds. The se are measures that prevent misuse of school funds.REFERENCESSafeguarding School notes by Henry Linn. 4th edition. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, 399-408 (1933) 1933 American Educational Research affiliation Chapter VI School Finance Does money matter? GT Burtless Policy Studies Journal, 1997 Pritchett, Lant Filmer, Deon, 1999. What education production functions really show a positive theory of education expenditures. Economics of education review. Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 223-239, April. Goldhaber, Dan D. , 1996. Public and private high schools Is school choice an answer to productivity problem. Economics of education review. Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 93-109, April.

Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Research Paper EssayReview of related literature and studiesAfter the computer became touristy to the people, the developers of instills website atomic number 18 taking years after. Only Derrick Meador quoted the More and more homes across the country have meshwork access and having a school website that is up-to-date and well-organized is a great way to reach the school community. He is also the author of The Importance of School Website sourced (www.teaching.about.com). In past years the proposal of school sites are limited to. Because its not affordable to have it only few can make. But forthwith, scores of schools want to be part in the market. Related ReadingBase on My reading, school site, is now important to this generation because more students are in advance when it came to studies. And more students want to study in online, because they dont have time to go to school when it comes to the school class schedule.Related literary worksRelated StudiesIn conducting a school webpage, it helps the school to be part of school official site. directly of universities and colleges has already webpage, they make their school more demand to the market i.e. the Far Eastern University (FEU), University of the Philippines (UP), De Lassalle State University (DLSU), Anteneo de manilla paper University (AdMU) they have their school website. It is easy for them that they can have more enrolees next semester. Today, the webpage of school is very(prenominal) important and it is the demand to the market even in abroad, the foreign nation schools is more focus in making school website. There is an advantage having an official webpage and today the Schools they have their proposal to make school sites. The people will inquire or visit by means of online and it is easy for them that they can inquire through online.

Essay on reality Essay Example for Free

Essay on realism EssayRecently I attended a comedy festival and chose to go ascertain one of the comedians shows with a friend of mine. This circumstantial comedian had based his jokes around making fun of variant people in certain countries. I had found the stallion show completely amusing- it was very entertaining. However, when I questioned my friend about how she found it she was absolutely bewildered. She had found the jokes very offensive and humiliating towards the people of the social groups that were mocked. It was a surprise to me that her perception of the show was entirely varied from mine.The same correctt we had both undergo had seemed to produce different reactions. The situation made me realise that the window through which we perceive human race lavnot be objectively verified due to the subjectivity of a persons feelings, thoughts or memories. After youve heard two witness accounts of an auto accident, you begin to worry about history, was written by an unknown author. Hence the perception of cosmos can be seen through many windows. This circumstance made me question the validity of an objective reality in any situation and to what degree can certain factors influence the way we perceive reality.Variations in the perception of reality can indeed be affected by the age and what has been experienced by the individual during their maturation butt on. Over judgment of conviction one persons perception of reality changes in that their initial knowledge of reality is entirety different from the reality they may perceive years later. The difference between the perceptions of reality of a forty year old swelled to a ten year old child give vary greatly. A child has not yet been subjected to or experienced any major events so their view on reality has not yet properly matured.As an individual matures, it is evident that they bind encountered diverse situations that influence the way which they recognise reality. The perception of r eality of a young child is assuage one of perplexity which is also experienced by the young Robert whose views on the world around him atomic number 18 not quite developed as is apparent in the memoir, The Shark Net. Roberts perception at the time of arrival into Perth was of complete awe and excitement, Everything I saw was the great unknown, whereas Dorothys perception was, it might as come up be Africa. So you see, the perception of adventure of a young boy differs pregnantly to that of the perception of fearfulness and insecurity of an isolated and foreign region of an adult. Hence reality can be seen through a series of lenses. The process of growing up in a certain surroundings involves the introduction of honorable values whereby ones view on reality begins to form. By living in that area you grow up with views and values that are first instilled into you by your parents but then later on you are pass on to a wide range of views you can apply to any person, place or event.As can be seen the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the young character Scout is growing up in an environment where her father, a lawyer, is defending a black man. Therefore, the character is being subjected to certain views and values that impart later influence the way in which she perceives reality. Also, Roberts environment comprised of Saturday movies, bumpers, sparrows, moral agents and boiling brains and this was all part of his reality. Indeed, these themes organise the basis of Roberts reality.So it can be inferred that peoples personal feelings and thoughts that they have accumulated in their maturation process prevent the production of an objective reality rather the creation of multiple realities to one situation. David G. Myers of Social psychological science once wrote There is an objective reality out in that respect, but we view it through the spectacles of our beliefs, attitudes, and values. The environment you have been surrounded by, beliefs and moral values you have held all play a pivotal type and influence the way in which we perceive reality.The past of an individual and the memories experienced during their past plays a significant role in the way in which they perceive reality. Memories and experiences basically shape our understanding of what is important to us and what is not. Hence these are the formations of different perceptions. Roberts tunnelling craze was decided by Royce that the boys habit must have been picked up from parents and grandparents, who had experience as a bomber pilot and obviously felt no harm in the situation. On the other hand Dorothys reaction was distraught and angry.She couldnt believe mothers allowed their children to go to school barefoot, much less(prenominal) risk suffocation by burrowing underground. This indicates that these two perceptions of the reality of the situation are fuelled by the dissimilar experiences felt by both parents. Also, considering the latest tragic reality of the bushfir es a child who had lost their home and entire possessions would now hold a different perspective on reality due to their experiences and memories to that of a bystander to the fearsome events. Indeed, ones own experience can affect the way in which they perceive a certain reality.It is shown that even the same event can have two conflicting realities perceived by two different people with various experiences. Though we may encounter the same event, person or place there are external and internal factors that can influence the manner in which we perceive a specific reality. The windows that allow sight into perception have numerous layers. It is impossible to view reality from an objective perspective due to the personal life we have created around us. From being a small child to an adult has shown to be a factor influencing the knowledge of reality.Therefore, along the path of our lives we are provided with certain views and values that lend to our home and external environment a nd the experiences and memories we come across make a person perceive a situation in a different lens. As Bryan Singer once said, We dont live in a world of reality we live in the word of how we perceive reality.

Balloon Car Essay Example for Free

B totallyoon Car EssayOur first judgement was to make a newspaper publisher Lamborghini. We looked on many websites to find ways to make an origami-type Lamborghini. All of the instructional videos that we found were at least an hour-and-a-half, or did not even look like a railroad car. As we got to school I had the idea to look up paper models of Lamborghinis, the kind where it has the dotted lines and you cut it out, bending it where it says to, and tape it together. We printed it out and we could not get it big enough on a standard-sized piece of newspaperman paper.There were flipper basic shapes on the model so we just decided to take five pieces of paper and draw the shapes much bigger and duplicate the design. After we drew the design and cut it all out we decided to cut out pieces of cardboard the same shape and put it behind the paper so it was more stable and added some weight. For our heave, we put a hole in the back of the car that we could put a straw by, an d taped the balloon to the straw. We taped the straw up on the back part of the car so when we blew up the balloon it would go straight up.Our wheel idea came to thinker when I was drawing out an idea for our car. I was using a blue highlighter, accidentally dropped it, and we discovered how fast it rolled. We decided to try to pop out the center part of the highlighter so we could put a piece of wire through the center through the two ends and hook the wire through the fundament part of the sides of the car. We were going to use two highlighters, one in the front and one in the back, quite of 4 wheels. However, we could not get the center out of the highlighters. We went dumpster diving around the school and ending up getting pop caps from Ms.Chambers. Since our idea was to use highlighters and the wire, once we hammered a hold through from each one of the caps, we couldnt figure out how to make them turn because we did not have a good axle. We tried to use just a straw for t he axle and that did not work. We then tried to compact the straw so it was not as big around and that did not work either. We also tried to put nails through the caps and stick the nails into the side of the car but that did not work either. Our next idea was to go to the mountain room and put four timpani wheels on the bottom of our car, but they were way too knockout.lastly we smashed the straws to make them thinner and put it inside a hollowed-out pen. This made a good axle and we utilize this for our car. As we tested our car to see if it would move, it did not. We realized that our car may be too heavy so we had to think of a Plan B. We decided to take five kabob sticks and hot gum them side-by-side so it was pretty much flat. We then put our Pepsi cap wheels on the bottom, and taped the straw and balloon on top. We tested it and it moved over five meters and the path it took was fairly straight. The speed of our car is 2. 37 Meters/second.We found our speed because it too k 2. 37 seconds to travel one meter. Our car is a good example of inertia. It keeps base until its power source (balloon) runs out of air. It stops it because if the balloon never ran out of air, and if there was nothing in its path, our car would never stop moving. Its also an example of acceleration because it starts off slow, gets a minuscular faster, and as the balloon starts to run out of air, it slows down again. Its also an example of every motion has an equal and opposite reaction, because as the balloon releases air the car moves.

Diagram of Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System Essay Example for Free

draw of generic wine Academic Performance Monitoring System Essay imagine 2.0 Context Diagram of generic wine Academic Performance Monitoring System The figure 2.0 represents the two (2) users of the Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System namely the Administrator and the professor. The Administrator entity shows the capability to access the dodging manage count on by modifying accounts profile managing members account such as creating new user profile and updating user profile importing bookman mention creation of grade criteria generating students grade report and updating website contents. The Professor entity shows the capability on accessing the system managing account profile importing student list defining grade template for grading computation and generating students grade. Figure 3.0 First gate Level data settle Diagram of Administrators Capabilities The figure 3.0 represents the First penetration Level Data fertilize Diagram of the Administrator upon successfully logging-in into the Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System. He/she has the capabilities to manage modules such as handling members account, importing students list, creation of grade criteria, grade computation and updating website contentsFigure 3.1 Second adit Level Data Flow Diagram on Managing Account for Administrator The figure 3.1 shows the Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of the Administrator on managing members account wherein he/she has the capability to ready accounts profile for new professor or associate. He/she also capable on updating existing member account.Figure 3.2 Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram on deduction Student List, Create Criteria, Grading and Website Modules for Administrator Figure 3.2 shows the continuation of the Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of the Administrator. Upon successfully accessing the system, he/she has the capability to import students list and piddle criteria template to be use for the students gra de computations. The Administrator also has thecapibility to change or update website contents from clients discretion.Figure 4.0 First Entry Level Data Flow Diagram for Professors Capabilities In the Figure 4.0 shown above, it represents the First Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of Professor in the Generic Academic Performance Monitoring System. Same with the Administrator user, the Professor also have the capabilities to update own account profile, import student lists and founder students grade summary.Figure 4.1 Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram on Managing Account, Import Student Lists and Compute Grade Modules for Professor Figure 4.1 shown above presents the Second Entry Level Data Flow Diagram of the Professor upon successfully logging-in into the system. Same with the Administrator user, the Professor is also capable on modifying and updating account profile importing student list defining grade criteria template and generate grade summary of students.

he cost associated with running Essay Example for Free

he cost associated with running EssayCandidates should be limited on the amount of cash they can go by during a campaign. The cost associated with running for public office is expensive, especi onlyy in the case of large study scale resources, but also in sm eacher local ones. The money factor discourages regular tenderness class individuals from running for office, often leaving the b completelyot seriously one sided. If spending limits were placed on campaigns, our government could represent the views and issues of the majority of Americans, kind of than only those of the wealthy. Further, if medical prognosiss atomic number 18 given a spending limit, they are less in all likelihood to take money from supporters who will benefit or profit from a exceptional view. Candidates then are to a greater extent(prenominal) likely to make choices based on the good of the community, state, or country, rather than what will bring in the most money. Although mandatory voting cou ld produce both positive and contradict outcomes, voting should be a requirement of all Americans. On one hand, forcing people who do non support any of the candidates on the ballot might lead to careless voting.Those citizens who have no companionship of the people who are running or no interest in voting at all will most likely cast their voter turnouts simply to uphold the law. On the other hand however, if all people are required to vote, and they do so in an educated manner, the government could represent all people of our country, rather than only those who choose to vote. Additionally, if Americans are forced to vote, candidates will spend less money campaigning. The months leading up to election become a time of voicing views rather than persuading people to vote in the first place.The decreased spending will, once again, ease the chances of a candidate taking a particular stance on an issue due to the influence of those who donate to their campaign. Texas should not hol d partisan elections whereby candidates run as a member of a given political party. In these elections, voters are more likely to vote based upon the party that they support in substitution to the views held by the candidate. In a state that is populated by a majority of Republicans such as Texas, a partisan election would limit the amount of Democratic candidates elected to office, resulting in a severely unbalanced government.Suddenly every public office would be held by a Republican. The only real race in a partisan election would be which Republican to vote for. Furthermore, a non partisan election calls attention to the views of the candidate on an individual level, rather than on the views of the political party to which they belong. Those who do not join parties, or who take a stance that is not supported by any party, are more likely to run for office in a non partisan election. These non partisan elections make holding an office more accessible to a wide variety of candidat es, instead of only people who share similar views of Republicans or Democrats.

Effects of Climatic Elements on Livestock Production Essay Example for Free

Effects of climatic Elements on Livestock Production EssayINTRODUCTIONClimatic elements countenance direct achievement on the system of creature payoff, ashes physiology and fauna behaviour, deplete supply and choice, proliferation of pests and parasites as well as economy of carnal products (Samson et al., 2011) A number of climatic elements much(prenominal) as temperature, rainf each(prenominal)fall, humidness, radiant energy, disseminate movement, mail, tiptop and so on greatly influence and interact with the performance of descent return. Similarly, they overly origin study effects on wight physiology, behaviour and productivity through their individual or separate effects except, more(prenominal) than(prenominal) often, by their combinations with different environsal factors. The influence of climate on animal production (including animal automobile trunk functions, behaviours and cultivable abilities) whitethorn be direct or indirect. In eit her way, systems of animal husbandry or perplexity ar in like manner affected. Direct influence of climate on animal production and husbandry has to do with such influence on the animal itself, spell indirect influence is on the animals environment each of these shall be examined closely.TEMPERATUREThe over-riding environmental factor affecting the physiological functions of domestic animals is temperature. Temperature is measured victimization the instrument called thermometer, which ar of various types. All domestic animals atomic number 18 homeotherms or warm blooded. In other words, they keep an eye on their automobile trunk temperature within a escape intimately causeable for optimal biological activity. The personate temperature affirm is carnal knowledgely uninterrupted and is nobleer(prenominal)er than the environmental temperature. The ambient temperature on the other hand varies with swops in the climatic elements at a particular fourth dimension. The an imal body temperature ranges within certain limits defined as the Comfort Zone is a temperature range within which no demands argon made on the temperature regulating mechanism (Samson et al., 2011). In this range the animals screw up exchange go off be regulated solely by physical pith such as constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the skin, ruffling up the hide or feathers and regulation of the evaporation from lungs and skin.For a typical tropical breed of cattle, the comfort zone range from 100 C to 270 C magic spell a tropical clement cattle has between -10 C and 160 C (FAO, 1986). If in that respect is a change in ambient temperature beyond either the amphetamine or baseer limit, physical regulation cease for not be suitable to maintain a constant body temperature and the animal must, in tag onition, diminish or development its metabolic alter production. The body mechanism for regulating animal body temperature is triggered to action to enable the body r emains or withdraw to public (Samson et al., 2011). However, a further decrease or maturation in temperature volition eventually add up the temperature to a point beyond which not even a change in heat production will be sufficient to maintain homeothermy, hence, thermo-regulating mechanism whitethorn begin to fail, resulting in one or more of the following as elucidated by Samson et al., 2011 i.Abrupt rise in rectal temperature.ii. Decline feed white plague i.e. loss of appetite.iii. Increase in water inlet.iv. Decrease in productive process such as issue and take appear/eggs productionv. Loss in body tilt i.e. emaciation.vi.Change in composition of milk produced.This partly explains the deterioration of bluely productive cattle imported from temperate orbital cavity to the tropics. However, very young animal, lacking fully developed temperature-regulating mechanisms, particularly the ability to increase heat production by change magnitude metabolism, is much more se nsitive to its thermal environment and requires in high spiritser temperatures. Other behavioural and physiological responses of animal to excessive high temperature or heat reduce includei.Sweatingii.Pantingiii.Wallowing in mishandle or pool of water as in pigs.iv.Reduction in physical exercise and mating activities. fondness RegulationAs mentioned earlier that all domestic livestock argon homeotherms that is, they maintain relatively constant internal body temperatures, usually within a 1 to 2 C range. Normal body temperatures of some domestic animals ar given in Table 1.Table 1 Normal automobile trunk Temperatures of Domestic zoologys (FAO, 1986). animate beings TemperaturesAverage RangeDairy Cow 38.6 38.0 39.3Beef Cow 38.3 36.7 39.1Pig 39.2 38.7- 39.8Sheep 39.1 38.3 39.9Goat 38.7 40.7 ply 37.9 37.2- 38.2Chickens 41.7 40.6 43.0The body temperature of most domestic animals is considerably higher than the environmental temperature to which they are receptive most of the time. They maintain their body temperatures by balancing internal heat production and heat loss to the environment. The hypothalmus gland acts as a body thermostat by stimulating mechanisms to counteract either high or low ambient temperatures (FAO, 1986). For example, increase renewal of feed to-heat energy is used to counteract low ambient temperatures, composition for example increase respiration (rate and volume) and blood circulation in the skin counteracts high ambient temperatures.Varying temperature also results in changed behavior . Most animals reduce their level of activity in a hot environment and, for example, pigs lie clustered in a heap at low temperatures, while they lie overspread out with elongated limbs at high temperatures (FAO, 1986). This would suggest increased space requirement for pigs held in a warm, tropical climate. The body after part tolerate mind slight periods of heat stress, but if the ambient temperature exceeds the body temperature for an ext ended period, it may prove fatal. When feed is converted by the animals metabolism for the production of milk, eggs, meat, off-spring etc., heat is produced as a by-product. An increased production level and thus feed requirement will therefrom result in increased internal heat production. High wearing animals are consequently more likely to grow from heat stress in a hot climate than are low yielding ones. feed fibre-rich, low digestible feed ingurgitates like hay will result in high heat-production because of increased muscular activity in the alimentary tract and, in ruminants, increased micro-organism activity in the rumen. An increased share of concentrates in the feed may therefore reduce heat stress in an animal below hot climatic trails (FAO, 1986).Effects of Temperature on Animal ActivitiesQuite a number of animal activities are affected by ambient temperature ranging from range activities and feeding behaviour, growth and productive performance, milk yield and comp osition, reproduction etc. These effects are elucidated below(a)The Effect of High Ambient Temperature Feeding doings in Animals Studies get down shown that length of daylight time grazing is related to the ambient temperature, and reduction in heat load improves grazing behaviour. Herders in semi-arid and arid area have adopted the act of grazing at night to improve both intake and length of grazing in hot eras. However, in the case of monogastric animals such as broiler birds, they are often federal official in the night and when to be fed during the day, their feeds are sprinkled with disgracelets of water as means of alleviating heat load to improve feed intake and boilers suit production (Da Silva, 2007).It should be noted that feeding fibre-rich, low digestible feed stuffs like hay will result in high heat-production because of increased muscular activity in the alimentary tract and, in ruminants, increased micro-organism activity in the rumen (FAO, 1986). An increased s hare of concentrates in the feed may therefore reduce heat stress in an animal nether hot climatic conditions. In contrast, when the ambient temperature is low, the animal will increase conversion of feed to-heat energy is used to counteract low ambient temperatures, hence resulting to increase in feed intake (FAO, 1986).(b)Effect of Temperature on Growth and other Productive implementation High ambient temperature depress appetite and reduce feed intake and grazing time which may also diminish production as measured by growth, milk yield and milk solids production. data-based evidence has shown that there is a partial coefficient of correlation with growth rate when body weight is constant. However, under good management conditions where feeding and management are adequate, high ambient temperatures do not appreciably affect growth rates.Temperate type sheep that are exposed to high air temperature often have a low lambing percentage and give birth to small weak lambs that have a high post-natal mortality. Lambs born in early summer and reared through hot summer are usually minorr at birth than lambs born in the cool months of early dry season (Da Silva, 2007). In poultry, light breeds and young chicks are more resistant to heat than heavy breeds and adult birds. High temperatures predispose lay birds to abrupt decline in egg production.(c)Effect of Temperature on Milk Yield and CompositionStudies have indicated the effect of temperature on milk yield, butter fat and solids not fat. All these are depressed by high temperature, but usually by indirect effect of temperature on changes in feeding. As much as between 44% and 55% differences in milk yield and butter fat production were discover between twin heifer reared under sound tropical and temperature management conditions (Samson et al., 2011). With increasing air temperatures appetite is depressed, intellectual nourishment intake noteed, and heat production lessen (Vercoe, J.E.).The exact mechani sm of temperature effect on milk and milk composition is not known. Either the high temperature directly affects appetite, thus decreasing feed intake, productivity and heat production or the need to reduce heat production forces down appetite and hence bring down feed intake (Vercoe, J.E.). The direct effect of temperature is further appreciated in a study that defines best temperature for milk production as 210 C 270 C in Jersey and Holstein 29-32 in Brown Swiss and higher in tropical breeds of cattle (Da Silva, 2007). Similarly, milk constituents namely butter fat, chloride, lactose and total north are affected when temperature rises above 270 C 300 C (FAO, 1986).(d) Effect of Temperature on Reproduction channelise temperatures do not seem to affect reproductive cycle of cows, but bull fertility is markedly influenced. High testicular temperatures adversely affect spermatogenesis and hormonal system. Seminal degeneration and temporary infertility have been reported in Merino sheep exposed to temperature above 330 C over a length of time (FAO, 1986). In poultry, both sizes of egg and dumbness of its shell decline when laying fowls are exposed to high temperatures. Egg productivity decline has been experienced in poultry farms in Nigeria. However, incubation and brooding are favoured under high temperature.HUMIDITYAs stated earlier, it is difficult to separate or single out the effect of temperature, precipitation and humidity on animal production. Humidity is measured using the instrument called hygrometer. vaporization is one of the weighty channels of heat loss. It depends on ambient air temperature, the amount of functional impish in the atmosphere (humidity), area of evaporating surface and the degree of air movement (Samson et al., 2011). The amount of available moisture partly affects the rate of evaporative heat loss from the skin and respiratory system of an animal. Poultry do not have sweat glands, so all evaporative heat loss must rise from the respiratory tract.Other livestock species have varying abilities to sweat and in descending order they are as follows Horse, donkey, cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep and pig. In a hot-dry climate evaporation is rapid, but in a hot humid climate the ability of the air to absorb additional moisture is limited and the inadequate cooling may result in heats tress. Too low humidity in the air will cause chafe of the mucous membranes, while too high humidity may promote growth of fungus infections (Da Silva, 2007). High humidity may also contribute to decay in structures. High humidity also adds to the heat load of the animal by depressing evaporative heat loss with declining effect on feed intake and productivity as demonstrated under temperature effects. If possible keep the relative humidity in the range of 40 to 80%.SOLAR RADIATION OR RADIANT ENERGYThe quantity of solar shaft or radiant energy received in tropical region differs profoundly from the temperate. Solar ray of lig ht is measured using the instrument called Photometer. The heat load on a grazing animal can be considerably increased by direct solar radiation and radiation reflected from clouds or the acres (Samson et al., 2011). For tropical breeds of animal, solar radiation effects are scarcely noticeable because of their skin and eye that are pigmented (Mahadevan, 1966).A white hair coat will absorb less radiant energy than a dark, but the heat penetrates deeper in a white, loose coat (FAO, 1986). In contrast, when temperate breeds are exposed suddenly to solar radiation of the tropics they suffer from sun burns or skin cancers, epithelioma (eye infection from solar radiation) and other photosensitive disorders. Furthermore, solar radiation may adversely affect the animals skin in particular breeds having unpigmented skin. Solar radiation correlates with air temperature and thus partly contributes to the ambient temperature which is a lede climatic element affecting animal production. Manag ement systems adopted in the tropics as means of minimising adverse effects of solar radiation include i.Grazing in the night.ii.Clipping of excessive hair. iii.Provision of a shaded area for animals or grazing under shades in the day time. However, the shade should be sufficiently large to allow space between the animals so that the heat loss by other means is not rock-bottom (FAO, 1986). Solar radiation may contribute or may even create a more severe heat stress, hence, all measures must be taken to reduce direct impact of solar radiation on animals.ALTITUDEAltitude refers to height of a place over and above relative to the sea level which is usually measured in metres. Altitude is measured using the instrument called Altimeter. Illustratively, cardinal plateau in Nigeria exhibit micro-climatic conditions that differ slightly from the general tropical environment in terms of relatively lower ambient temperature, temperate vegetation and sometimes precipitation. This distinct co ndition confers on the Obudu Hill, Jos and Mambilla plateau (Samson et al., 2011). Temperate-like micro-environment on these places located within the tropical Nigerian climate makes the production of cattle and other livestock to take the semblance of the temperate system of animal production.Some of the environmental stress conditions earlier enumerated may be unnoticed or moderated in the elevated places. Physiological responses of animals supported by favourable microclimatic condition tend to stimulate improved animal performance in terms of intake and metabolism of nutrients, growth and reproductive activities (Khalifa, 2003). The emerging growth in dairy production in Kenya is partly attributed to high productivity of dairy cattle located on high altitudes and highlands of the country. The geographical principle of the higher the relative altitude of given place, the cooler it becomes is characteristic of the micro-climatic phenomenon experienced in most tropical highlands, w hich has led to improved animal productivity (Samson et al., 2011)AIR MOVEMENTSAir movements involve purloin direction and wind velocity but the most fundamental is the wind velocity or speed. These will assist in heat loss by evaporation and by conduction/ convection as long as the air temperature is lower than the skin temperature. When the air temperature approaches the skin temperature rapid air movements are experienced as comfortable, but at low temperatures it will lead to excessive cooling of unprotected skin areas ( polar draught) (Mahadevan, 1966).In addition air movements are undeniable to remove noxious and toxic gases and to supply the animal with fresh air for breathing (Samson et al., 2011). A wind velocity of 0.2m/s is generally regarded as a minimum requirement, but it can be increased to 1.0m/s, when the temperature is nearing the upper critical, or more when it goes beyond that (Da Silva, 2007). Wind speed is measured using the instrument called Anenometers whi le wind direction is measured using Wind Vane.PRECIPITATION OR RAINFALLHeavy rain my penetrate the fur of an animal and decrease its insulation revalue. A strong wind can in such circumstances lead to excessive cooling. However, a naturally greasy hair coat will resist water penetration and with the provision of a shelter for the animals the problem may be avoided alone (Samson et al., 2011). It should be noted that increase in precipitation result in consequent in increase in relative humidity. Rainfall is measured using the instrument called Rain gauge.LIGHTLight which dictates day length or photoperiod varies with latitude and season and has a direct influence on animal performance, in particular on the breeding season for sheep and egg production of poultry. Under natural conditions, there is a correlation between length of day and rate of laying (Samson et al., 2011). Artificial light is used in the temperate zone to equalize egg production throughout the year (Mahadevan, 19 66). Additional hours of light before perforate and after dusk are recommended in hot climates to encourage the hens to eat during the cooler hours.INDIRECT effects OF CLIMATIC ELEMENTS ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIONEffects of the climatic environment on animal production, biotic agents, nutrition including the influence on animal feed supply and fiber may be regarded as indirect effect that does not bear on immediate conduct of the animal but on its environment. These indirect effects include(a) Effects on Feed Supply mode affects the quantity and quality of feed available to the animal. Temperature, precipitation, daylight and humidity limit plant growth and affect feed quality more drastically than other climatic factors. In humid and sub humid areas where there is sufficient rains, plant exhibit seasonal growth, hence seasonal availability of forage (Samson et al., 2011). In the dry season when plant experience slow growth or complete growth seizure, available grazing stuff decline s and animals lack enough to eat. In the arid and semi-arid zone lack of sufficient grazing material results in seasonal movement in search of forage feed in the wetter areas.The pattern of diffusion of rainfall in which tropical region experience torrential rainfall in a short duration also partly explain rapid growth of plants within a short while followed by fast decline in biomass and other nutritional qualities (Khalifa, 2003). Nutritional quality of feed has to do with proportion of constituent nutrients, availability and balance of these nutrients in the ratio needed by the animals. Feed quality is most influenced by the climatic factors as precipitation and humidity. Rapid growth of plants results in production of high fibrous content of the forage feed as quality deteriorates with age.Tropical forage compared with that of temperate matures quicker, such that at same age the fiber content is higher and digestible protein and total digestible nutrients lower (Samson et al., 2011). Thus stocks in the tropics usually have to digest more fibrous feeds and this may add to their heat load. Studies have indicated the extreme sensitivity of cattle to heat stress(Mahadevan, 1966). It is noted that the balance of acetate available for purposes other than heat production is increased as environmental temperature increases. Ruminants in hot climate are more sensitive to imbalances of protein, energy, which results in an increased heat production (Samson et al., 2011).(b) Effects on Animal Disease, vector and ParasitesHigh temperatures and high humidity provide favourable breeding environment for internal and external parasites, kingdom Fungi and disease vectors. There is high incidence of internal parasites in the humid tropics and in the wet season. In arid areas, and in dry season, the incidence of insect pests and external parasites remain a major health threat. As much as the vegetation-type influences the incidence of insect pests/vectors of disease, so mu ch is climate indirectly affects animal production. Incidence of tsetse fly infestation and distribution between the humid and sub humid area explains the interaction between the climate and vegetation and their influence on an animal production.(c) Effects on Storage and Handling of Animal ProductsTropical climate favours the rapid deterioration and increases the cost of handling animal products. In arid or humid climates of the tropics, substantial quantity of animal products have been lost to putrefying organisms which cover rapidly under such conditions to cause deterioration, spoilage and food poisoning of enormous economic value (Samson et al., 2011). This indirectly affects animal production in terms of high cost of generating electricity and provision of refrigeration on the farm to reduce wastage of valuable animal products.EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTIVE carrying into action OF VARIOUS LIVESTOCK SPECIESIn tropical and subtropical countries, an animal may of ten be under heat stress when the environmental temperature exceeds the upper critical level (18 to 24C, depending on the livestock specie) there is usually a drop in production or a reduced rate of crystallize (FAO, 1986). Furthermore, when the temperature falls outside the comfort zone, other climatic factors assume greater significance. Humidity becomes increasingly important as do solar radiation and wind velocity.1.CattlesDairy cattle show a reduced feed-intake under heat stress resulting in lowered milk production and reduced growth. Reproduction is also adversely affected. There are, however, important differences between breeds. European cattle (Bos taurus) produce well at temperatures ranging from 4 to 24 C even at high humidity (FAO, 1986). Much lower temperatures (-10C) have little effect as long as fluctuations are not too rapid or frequent. On the other hand, a drop in milk production results with temperatures exceeding 25C (Vercoe, J.E.). The drop may be as much as 50 % at temperatures of 32C or higher. In contrast, Zebu cattle (Bos indicus), which are native to warm climates, have a comfort zone of 15 to 27 C and milk production begins to drop only when temperatures rise above 35C. In addition, beef cattle make their best weight gains at temperatures below 25 C (FAO, 1986).They can easily tolerate temperatures below 0 C if they have a good supply of feed. It is important to note some of the physical differences between these two types of cattle that suit each to its climate of origin. The Zebu is characterized by a hump, large ears and loose, thin skin including a prominent dewlap. These characteristics promote heat loss by convection and evaporation and thus efficient body temperature regulation under hot climatic conditions (Khalifa, 2003). In addition, the Zebu has less subcutaneous fat, a lower body volume for the surface area, and short smooth hair all of which contribute to the animals comfort under hot conditions. The European breeds on t he other hand have thick skin held tightly to the body, long hair and a large amount of fat which serve as insulators, traits desirable for cold or temperate climates (Da Silva, 2007). Calves seem most sensitive to cold draughts and ugly ventilation, but are quite tolerant of a wide range of temperatures.2.PigsPigs require a change in ambient temperature as they age and grow, and like cattle, they show a decreased feed intake when under heat stress. Piglets survive and develop best at 30 to 32C initially followed by a gradual reduction to 20C over the first three weeks. bird feeder pigs (30 to 65 kg) make good gains in the temperature range of 10 to 25C with 24C reported optimum. The optimal ambient temperature for pigs weighing 75 to 120 kg is 15 C (FAO, 1986). dwell sows do well at 15C but suffer badly at 25C and above since they do not perspire when hot. Reproduction rates fall under heat stress and sows are more apt to trample their baby pigs in the discomfort of hot hold ou t (Da Silva, 2007).3.SheepSheep can tolerate a wide range of temperatures but should be protected from wind and rain. However, a long period of high ambient temperatures inhibits reproduction. Heat stress also reduces lambing percentage, decreases the incidence of twinning, and decreases the birth weight of lambs (Khalifa, 2003). When temperatures are below 7C at breeding time, ewes show improved reproductive efficiency.4.GoatsGoats are affected by temperature, humidity and rain. In hot climates, goats need shelter from intense heat during the day. In humid areas they need protection from prolonged heavy rain. Excessive wetting from rain can cause pneumonia and an increase in parasitic infestation.5.PoultryThe environmental requirements for poultry vary with age. Chicks should be started at 35 C. subsequently one week the temperature is reduced gradually to 24C by the fifth week. Broilers and young turkeys reared at ambient temperatures below 18C are heavier than similar stock rear ed within the 18 to 35C range, but their feed conversion efficiency will be less. Laying birds produce the superior number of eggs and the largest sized eggs at 13 to 24 C. The best feed conversion efficiency is achieved between 21 to 24 C (FAO, 1986). With increasing environmental temperature there is a decrease in feed intake and alterations in behaviour. Within the temperature range of 5 to 30C there is a reduction of about 1.6% in feed intake for every 10C increase in ambient temperature (FAO, 1986). Above 24C there is a reduction in egg production and egg size. A continued rise in temperature to 38C or more may prove lethal (Da Silva, 2007). High humidity at high temperatures create conditions that are more likely to be lethal because of a breakdown in body cooling through respiration.6.RabbitsRabbits are affected most by sun and heat, wind, rain and draughts. Sunlight is of benefit to breading stock and the growing young, but it will also fade the coat of coloured rabbits and discolour a white one. While rabbits honor the sun, they must have the chance to get out of the direct rays. Because of their thick fur coats they tolerate cold better than extreme heat, but they are susceptible to chilling from draughts. Rabbits also need protection from rain and damp.7.HorsesHorses do not require warm surroundings, but they do not easily tolerate draughts, dampness and high humidity. When exposed to high temperatures and vigorous exercise, horses sweat and the evaporation of this perspiration cools the skin and helps to maintain normal body temperature (FAO, 1986).CONCLUSIONVirtually all production aspects of animal agriculture are affected or influenced by these unique climatic factors. It is very clear that the climate impinges directly on the biological functions of the body system, animal behaviour and production performance through such overbearing and moderating influence of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, air movement, altitude, precipitation, li ght and indirectly on feed supply, parasites and diseases, storage and handling of animal products.Progress in animal production has for age long being dependant on adjusting production system to suit the influence of the climate or changing the body physiological functions and behaviour to fix-up with climatic dictates. These fundamental factors be the various systems of production, systems of housing, feeding, reproduction and the overall management practices that are often adopted, modified or imposedREFERENCESDa Silva, R.G., 2007. Weather and Climate and Animal Production. In The Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices, WMO No. 134. Available online http//www.agrometeorology.org/files-folder/ alluviation/gamp_chap_11.pdf.FAO, 1986. Animal Environmental Requirement. In Farm Structures in Tropical Climates,FAO Corporate Document Repository. Available online http//www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/S1250E10.htmAnimal environmental requirements.Khalifa, H.H., 2003. Bioclimatology and Adaptation of Farm Animals in a Changing Climate. In Interaction between Climate and Animal Production. Eds Lacetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Khalifa, H.H., Ronchi, B., Nardone, A., Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp 15-30.Mahadevan, P., 1966. The Relation between Climatic Factors and Animal Production. United Nation educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation, Symposium on Methods in Agroclimatology, Paris. Reading Symposium Paper, pp 1-15.Samson, O.A., Afolabi, A., Jari, S., 2011. Effects of the Tropical Environment on Animal Production. InPrinciples of Animal Production, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), pp 11-19.Vercoe, J.E. Climatic and Environmental factors affecting Dairy Productivity. Available online http//www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/SmHDairy/chap4.html.