Electrical Detection Of Liquid Lithium Leaks from Pipe Joint

Electrical Detection Of molten atomic number 3 Leaks from Pipe JointContents (Jump to)1.0 demonstration2.0 Theory Of Operation3.0 computer hardwargon and Electrical Circuit4.0 get out from mental testing Circuit5.0 Summary1.0 IntroductionLiquid lithium is a candidate plasma facing fraction (PFC) material for a fusion reactor, and lithium PFCs have been shown to improve plasma confinement and reduce impurities in tokamaks such as TFTR, 1 CDX-U, 2 NSTX,3, 4 FTU,5 and HT-7.6 In a reactor, the perspicuous lithium would have to be circulated in a loop corpse for index handling and the removal of impurities including tritium. A locomote constitution is more complicated than the static configurations utilize to date in fusion devices, and so requires further development and examen for example, in a liquifiable lithium organization, the ability of a system to safely freeze, re-liquefy, and then continue function without natural springs is essential. The Liquid Lithium Te st Stand (LLTS) is being constructed at Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPL) to imbibe experience with flowing lithium systems, and as a prototype for circulating lithium in future PFC test modules.The LLTS consists of an upper and spurn reservoir, a rotating permanent magnet pump, and an electromagnetic flow meter. The top of the reservoirs argon kept under vacuum. The LLTS is designed to operate at up to viosterol -C and contain up to 2 l of lithium. Connections of the pipe to the reservoirs argon welded, but all other joints are demountable videocassette learner suits to ease construction, maintenance, and reconfiguration of the loop. Compared to a weld, a demountable joint is more likely to escape, which is a major resort concern since quiet lithium is hot (over 200 -C) and reacts with atmospheric gases, water, and concrete. The LLTS and then requires a design to minimize the impact of potential leaks, including a system to determine leaks and actuate verify systems.2.0 T heory of OperationWe monitor for leaks of smooth lithium from a pipe joint by using the conductivity of the leaking liquid metal to complete a lap. Liquid lithium at 400 -C has a resistivity9 of 32 cm, roughly three multiplication less than that of 316 pure steel at the same temperature, 10 102 cm. A conducting quiver, normally electrically disjointed from the pipe, surrounds each(prenominal) videocassette recorder fitting. If lithium leaks it leave alone contact the shell, which will no longer be electrically uninvolved from the pipe. A circuit monitors for continuity between the pipe and the shell. If continuity is detected, the control systems are actuated power to the heaters and pump motor is turned off-key so that the lithium in the loop can cool crop up and solidify.3.0 Hardware and Electrical CircuitThe loop is constructed from 316 stainless steel, which is resistant to corroding by liquid lithium. The pipe of the loop has a 3/8 in. diameter and pipe joints are 5/8 in. Swages lock VCR fittings, with special non-silver-coated stainless steel gaskets. Each VCR fitting is environ by a 0.050 in. thick cylindrical copper shell, electrically isolated from the pipe by Cotronics Ultra Temp 390 ceramic tape. A mockup of the shell around VCR fittings is shown in signifier 1. The ends of the cylinders are given to the dust by a temperature compatible braze. The shell is cut in one-half so that it can be positioned around the fitting. The devil halves then are fastened in place by a metal band. A wire lug for the leak demodulator circuit is attached by a tapped hole on one cylinder end face. term copper readily alloys with lithium, it was chosen as the shell material because of its senior in high spirits school thermal diffusivity. The shells will non be thermally insulated as the pipes will, so they will be cooler than the liquid lithium inside the pipe. If lithium leaks out of a VCR fitting, it will be physically contained by the shell and c ooled down by the copper acting as a heat sink. The combination of alloying and lower temperature reduces reactivity. On this principle, copper powder burn up extinguishers for lithium fires were developed.11 In order to prevent lithium from reacting with air, and that which might leak from the shells from contacting the concrete floor, the loop will be surrounded by an argon-filled stainless steel enclosure which includes a floor plate with walls sufficiently high to contain the entire inventory of liquid lithium. An electrical circuit, shown in Figure 2, monitors for continuity between the copper shell and the pipe. The inputs to the circuit are the two leads in the lower left of the figure the upper lead is attached to a copper shell, and the lower (ground) lead is attached to the loop. Normally, the + input of the comparator is pulled up above the Comparator Reference Voltage by a 100 k resistor attached to a 5 V supply. If in that location is a soil in the loop such as a le ak of lithium or a physical contact between nearly part of the copper shell and the pipe that allows current to flow from the upper lead to ground, the + input of the comparator is pulled below the reference voltage. This causes the comparator to production 0 V and the relay latches off the power to the heaters and pump. A fault draws current with with(predicate) the 100 k pull up resistor and also through a front table vindicated-emitting diode, which lights.FIG. 1. One tune of the interlock circuit. If there is a fault (such as a leak) that causes the open circuit at left to be shorted, the + input of the comparator will be pulled down, the comparator will output 0 V, and the relay will open, latching off the power to the heaters and pump.FIG. 2. Block diagram of the interlock system for the heaters and pump motor. If the leak detector circuit detects a fault, or the E-stop button is pushed, power to the pump motor and heaters will be turned off until the leak detectors re gister no fault on all channels and the start button is pushed. MC is the motor ascendence and SSR is the solid state relays.In order to ensure that it is easy to report the location of a fault, for each channel there is an analog lead on a front panel display that will light up in case of a fault. One additional normally-on LED for each board shows that the interlock system itself is powered on. The fault shape of each channel in the interlock system is monitored and recorded by a PC with lab stack. The digital output of the comparator for each channel is sent to a SCB- 68A connector box which is attached to a 6323 subject field Instruments card in the PC. The lab VIEW program polls each interlock channel at 1 kHz, in order to record intermittent faults. Each channel has two displays in lab VIEW one for its present status, and one indicating whether there has ever been a fault in the time since a reset was clicked. Since the analog front panel display shows the present status , this lab VIEW display would allow an means to see where a past fault occurred. Additionally, for ease of monitoring, a social classal of the loop shows the status of each leak detector in its becoming location. Every second, for each channel, the program logs to a file whether there has been all fault during that 1 s period. Along with thermocouple and pressure data in the same file, this could aid in reconstruction of the circumstances border a fault. Note that the PC with Lab VIEW is for monitoring and log only, and it is not at present part of any control loop.4.0 Result from Test CircuitThe electrical systems described were constructed. The open-circuit voltage between the perceptual experience terminals was 3.5 V, and the short-circuit current (limited by the 220 resistor) was 15 mA. The reference voltage potentiometers were modify for maximum sensitivity so that any resistance between the sleuthing terminals of less than 2 k inductions the interlock. A test of the interlock system was performed in air with gallium as a surrogate liquid metal. Gallium was poured into a section of pipe with a VCR fitting gasket that was intentionally damaged by cutting a small slit. As expected, gallium leaked out from the damaged gasket, contacted the copper shell, and triggered the interlock.5.0 SummaryThe resistance of a liquid lithium leak should be much less than the 2 k maximum resistance to trigger the interlock even a 1 cm long, 1 m radius cylinder of liquid lithium between the copper shell and pipe would have a resistance of only 1 k and would trigger the interlock. The LTS will be in an argon-filled enclosure to minimize lithium reactions if leaks occur. Lithium compounds that do form with any residual gases will dissolve in the liquid lithium, 12 and should not affect its electrical conductivity in the time it takes to trigger the interlock system. One potential problem of this system is that an open circuit between the two percept terminals is the normal condition if one of the sensing wires were to become disconnected or be cut, that channel would cease to be able to detect a fault, but there would be no indication in the system of a problem. A testing cognitive process or additional system could be developed to ensure operation of all leak detector channels. Another issue is that only VCR fitting joints are monitored. A leak elsewhere in the LTS would not trigger the interlock system. It could be advantageous to have an additional non-localized leak detection system, for example, by monitoring for a sudden change in pressure in the loop. While the vacuum pressure above the reservoirs is monitored and logged, pressure readings are not at present incorporated into the interlock system. The LTS, a test stand for flowing liquid lithium and liquid lithium PFC test modules at PPL, is being constructed. A circuit to detect leaks at the demountable joints in the loop has been constructed and tested with a surrogate liquid metal, gallium. If a leak is detected, the circuit actuates a control system, latching off power to the heaters and pump in order to bring the loop to a safer state. Liquid lithium leaking from joint contacts the surrounding copper shell, completing the leak detector circuit. The copper shell helps lower the reactivity of leaking lithium by alloying with the lithium and by acting as a heat sink.