The Prevalence of Microorganisms in Hospital Wards

The preponderance of Microorganisms in infirmary WardsCONTENTS entreHospital acquired transmission system argon as well as known as nosocomial contagious disease be infections acquired from wellnessc atomic number 18 services ( infirmarys) during treatment, which atomic number 18 secondary to the affected roles original condition. The source and imbue of organisms inside the infirmary are important issues, benignant relate organisms or the body flora, too found in habiliment are spread through shedding during human activities(Ekhaise et al., 2010). Although m whatsoever such(prenominal) infections occur in patients, infections acquired at work by staff members also are considered nosocomial infections. Many factors tail contribute to the acquisition of nosocomial infections, and no single factor or condition to explain wherefore they occur. The about signifi raiset factor for determining the outcome of infection is the immunologic state of the host. The nosocom ial infections are often related to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures that are routinely employed in health bursting charge.For more than a century, this issue has been recognized as a critical problem which affects the t unity of healthcare and a principal source of adverse outcomes. The patients who are immunocompromised are often hospitalized and undergo invasive examination and treatments thus hospital purlieu whitethorn facilitate the transmission of microorganisms among patients. The intense use of antibiotic promotes antibiotic resistance for the pathogenic microorganisms whereas changes in the health check checkup practices continually read new opportunities for the development of infection (Dilip Kumar et al., 2013).According to Baveja in 2002, the term hospital acquired infection, hospital- associated infection, hospital infection or nosocomial infection(nosocomion,meaning hospital) is defined as infection developing in patients after admission to the hospital ,which was neither make up nor in the incubation period at the time of hospitalization . such(prenominal) infections may become evident during their hold on in the hospital or sometimes after their discharge. According to Gupte in 2006, sources of hospital acquired infection are infecting microorganisms from fellow patients which may be multidrug resistant, infecting organisms from hospital staff, infecting organisms from instrument, blood products, intravenous fluid, from patients normal flora, etc, insects are also source multidrug infection, organism may be present in air, dust, water, antiseptic solution, food, surfaces contaminated by patients secretions, blood fluid, etc.In all over the humanity weather it is a developing or developed countries, this hospital acquired infection have assumed worrisome proportions in all healthcare scenarios ( crack Shivinder Singh, et al 2015). As much as 80% of the estimated hospital ends are related either directly or indirectly from Hos pital Acquired Infection (Hughes et al, 2005). Patients are likely to get sick in hospital due to wide-cut change of microorganisms which are responsible for many different kinds of hospital infection. gum olibanum during the stay of patients in the hospital it has become increasely unsafe place. olibanum infection has become a signifi bottomlandt health hazard and requires majuscule expense for final outcome of treatment. Infection safety (IC) is a bore standard which is essential for safety of patients, staff and visitors. It involves issues like clinical governance, danger management, quality of health and safety which affects virtually departments of the hospital (Dhayana Sharon Ross et al., 2014).Hospitals have the potentiality for pathogen spread because they have contact with instruments, medical examination furniture, medical staff, skin, air, physical facilities and drainage. pollute surroundings are the main cause for such pathogens thus strict safety biosecuri ty procedures is to be applied (Mazzali M et al., 2003). The prevalent nosocomial infections are mainly include urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, respiratory tract infections, blood stream infections, skin infections, gastrointestinal tract infections and fundamental nervous system infections. These are mainly caused by Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, E.coli etc. And the common antibiotic resistant nosocomial infections include the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE).Many different environmental factors may either help or prevent the transmission of microorganisms. Hospital environment are the one where both infected person and persons who is at change magnitude jeopardy of infection assemble (Mayon et al., 1988)Today HAIs affects more than 2million patients annually, at a cost of 4.5 trillion (Apostolopoulou and Veldekis 2005).The present study aimed to inv estigate the prevalence of microorganisms in hospital wards of internal Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore. Many different wards such as fe staminate neurology ward, male neurology ward, male neurosurgery ward, female neurosurgery ward, male pshyciatry ward, female pshyciatry ward, paediatric neurology ward, paediatric neurosurgery ward, de- addiction ward, unmindful stay ward, head injury ward and step down ward was elect for the study due to its high patronage by patients from all over India. Labs such as clinical microbiology lab, fluorescent microscope room, NABL room, bactec room and neuromicrobiology lab was also taken into consideration in order to ascertain the nature of microorganisms present. analyse OF LITERATUREWhen we think about hospital, one thing comes to our mind is Hospital is the place for cure. This revolutionary idea of treating the patients under the same detonating device was considered to ease the job of healing. But due to l ack of knowledge of sterilisation and antisepsis, it turned wrong in Pre- Listerian era leading to gangrene and death of patients which were suffering from wounds. Due to this reason a new discipline was emerged called as senics which was mainly dealing with the Hospital Acquired Infection (Nosocomial Infection). Semmelwis in 1861 with the help of medical officer and students observed the association of Puerperal sepsis in patients. Thus by the introduction of hand washing with chlorinated lime, he was successful to bring dramatic reduction in infection rate. Hospital acquired infection (HAI) are infections acquired during hospitalization, which are not present at eh time of admission (Atata et al, 2006). Due to its increased mortality and morbidity in the hospital patients these HAIs are of signifi earth-closett cause. HAIs are also caused due to prolonged hospital stay which are inconvenient for the patient and constitute economic burden on health care (Malhotra S, et al 2014).pr ofessional dancer in 1999,depicts that microorganisms which are associated with hospital acquired infection displays twain important characteristics, firstly those are the pathogens of well-established medical importance and secondly they also can withstand the hospital environment which benefits them outside temperature. Thus providing an suspend environment niche for their survival until they transfer back to patients. Some pathogens rebel from patients own flora especially those who are immunocompromised whereas others can support in human tissues and thus rely upon person to person spread in order to disseminate. The patients who are immunocompromised due to underlying diseases, medical or surgical treatment, age are typically affected by nosocomial infections. In pediatric ICU, the hospital acquired infections are approximately cardinal times higher than elsewhere in hospitals (Weistein 2006).Pathogen transference occurs to the highest degree normally by presence of bacte rial or fungi in breathless surfaces and equipment or between the hands of health professionals and patients (Kayabas et al., 2008). The transmission of microorganisms from hands of health care workers, medical equipment and surfaces which has become contaminated with a wide variety of pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms has become a significant proportion of hospital environment infection which ultimately results in cross defilement (Sehulster et al., 2003). When compared to other hospital patients, the patients who are hospitalized in ICUs are 5-10 times more likely to acquire nosocomial infection. The risk of infection and the frequency of infection vary by infection site. The increasing incidence of infection is caused mainly by antibiotic-resistant pathogens leading to seriousness of hospital acquired infection (Weber 2006). Some of the common human pathogens like, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp, Enterococcus spp and Escherichia coli can survive for longer periods of time on the hospital surfaces or formites that can potentially transmit infectious organisms(Kramer et al., 2006).The primal sources of indoor air pollution are the microorganisms. When compared to outside air environment, the indoor air environment can potentially place patients a greater risk because enclosed spaces can confine aerosols and allow them to build up to infectious take. The relative humidity and/ or the moisture content of the materials determine that to what extent different micro-organisms are able to grow on indoor or outdoor materials (Dhanasekaran et al., 2009). Adebolu and Vhriterhire in 2002 reported that magnitude of hospital acquired infection is dependent upon the number and grammatical case of visitors, mechanical movement within the enclosed space, quality of hospital systems and level of hygienic conditions in hospital environment.Hand hygiene has been considered to be the most important tool in nosocomial infections control. One of the significa nt contributors to the outbreaks of this hospital environment infection is failure to perform appropriate hand hygiene. nonmigratory and transient microorganisms are known to be the natural microflora of the skin of hands. The resident microorganisms survive and multiply on skin and does not cause any harm to human flora whereas transient microorganisms represent recent contamination of hands which is acquired from colonized or infected patients/clients or contaminated environment or equipment. These transient microorganisms are not isolated consistently from most of the persons. When compared to resident microorganisms, the transient microorganisms which are found on the hands of health care personnel will become as a primary source of infections. Gram negative coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus has been known to be the most common transient microorganisms (Sarmad et al., 2009). Appropriate hand washing results in decreased incidence of both nosocomial and community infection ( Kampf et al., 2004).BIBILOGRAPHYDhyana Sharon Ross., Dr. S. Vasantha. 2014. A strike on hospital acquired infections (HAI), control and management. International journal of innovative look in science, engineering and technology. 3(1) 2319-8753.Atata, R.F., Ibrahim, Y.K.E., Akanbi II, A.A., Urinola, P.F., and Saui.A. 2006. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a 3rd health care institution in Nigeria (2000-2002), ledger of applied and environmental sciences. 2(2) 212-215.Malhotra S, Sharma S, Hans C. 2014. 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